238 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



l&ng-f&rorna, at the ends first ;* for it should be noted 

 that in private enclosures, enskildta tappor, there are 

 never any aker-renar, "acre-reins," or balks, in the 

 midst of the field. Ditches, also, are never seen in these 

 districts in the fields. The Inclosure looks inside as if it 

 were only an aker-stycke, "field-plot" or "land," 

 which may be large or small, therefore when he ploughs 

 the furrows at both ends, he ploughs them at once from 

 the one end of the field to the other, by which means the 

 labour is lessened. Also, if he had to-day ploughed in 

 our way, viz. : laid out the field first in furrows, and 

 afterwards drawn the Cross-furrows, tvar-faror, at both 

 ends, so as to plough up the land on which he turned 

 the plough, or the " headlands," he would then only have 

 been able to plough up a piece of the cross-furrows at the 

 ends (i.e. of the headlands) ; that is to say, so much as 

 answered to the part of the field he had ploughed up to- 

 day ; through which he would have had more trouble 

 than if he had driven the plough from one [T. I. p. 239] 

 end to the other. 



The fields were ploughed deep enough (as is said 

 to be the case) to extirpate the weeds. It was the Two- 

 wheel single Hertfordshire plough that was used for all this 

 work. 



For some purposes two horses were used ; for others, 

 three; again, for others, four; but if the ground was 

 hard, as many as six horses were harnessed to the plough. 

 Here the horses are always set in pairs before the plough, 

 that is to say, two abreast, and not tandem, as is practised 

 in some places. Several experienced farmers said that 

 the fields are not manured with chalk oftener than every 

 sixteen, eighteen, or twenty years. The reason given is 

 that where it is manured oftener, the earth becomes too 



* And would therefore have had to plough the ends twice over. [J. L.] 



