LITTLE GADDESDEN. 239 



dry, loose, and friable, lucker, but the field is always 

 manured with other manure every third year, industrious 

 farmers even manure it thus every year. 



Tra-verket i Plogarna. 



The wood-work in the ploughs. 



All the wood-work in the ploughs hereabouts was of 

 ash, which is a very hard and tough wood, except the 

 "mould-board," vand-bradet, which was mostly made 

 of beech, because the ash is not always found of the 

 thickness. 



Hum gamla Bok och Ek-stubbar, &c, 

 upgrafdes, etc. 



How old beech and oak-stubs, &c, were dug up, &c. 



In one of the arable fields there was beside a hedge a 

 long acre-rein, aker-ren, of 5 or 6 fathoms broad. Here 

 and there, stood thick beech-stubs, Bok-stubbar, and 

 now and then an oak-stub, Ek-stubbe. The trees which 

 had grown on these stubs were for the most part cut 

 down two years back. Here a carl was now engaged in 

 digging and hewing them up, which he did thus : — He 

 first hacked up the mould on one side of the stub, 

 together with all the small roots and fibres, which pro- 

 ceeded from the same, with a mattock, yxa, of the shape 

 shown in Fig. A. It was sharp and somewhat broad, 

 [T. I. p. 240] at both ends, but with this difference, that 

 the edge at one end was turned in the same way as the 

 edge of an ordinary cutting axe, hugg-yxa, and at the 

 other end as in a hoe or adze, hacka eller skarf-yxa, 

 though the shape of this mattock neither resembled a 

 cutting axe nor hoe. All these loose cut roots were 

 collected together, and laid in small heaps to dry. After 

 that he began to cut the stub to pieces, which he did 



