240 KALM S ENGLAND. 



thus : —He had a lot of iron-wedges, jarn-viggor, some 

 of which he set in a row right across the middle of the 

 stub, knocked in one after another, and by that means 

 split the stump. 



Afterwards the carl continued to set one iron wedge 

 beside another, according as the rift in the stub increased 

 in size, up to as many as four or more wedges, side by 

 side, by which the stub was more and more split, and the 

 half of the stub, which began to widen out from the other, 

 always went towards the side on which the carl had 

 previously dug away the earth, and hacked up the roots, 

 because there was not the same resistance as on the other 

 side. 



As soon as he had thus got the stub tolerably broken 

 to pieces, he used the iron hook, jarn-hackan, (see 

 Fig. B.) which he called ' Dog,' so as further entirely to 

 sever and break off the half stub. In doing this he hung 

 the kook, haken, DBA, fast on to the cloven stub, the 

 point A being in the rift itself. Next, a strong pole, 

 Stang, also called ' Dog,' was set through the iron ring 

 CDE, which pole was shod with iron at the end which 

 is passed through the iron ring._ At the end of this iron 

 shoeing, jarn-skoningen, were two iron teeth, jarn- 

 tander, by which the dog, pole, or stang* could be 

 fastened into the stub. He then set this iron-shod end 

 down in the ground, or near the roots of the stub, and 

 began to bend the other end of the dog-pole, stangen, 

 down, when the point A of the hook drew and split off the 

 half which had been loosened by the wedges from the 

 other half of the stub. In the above described way they 



* Stang, Hop-dog, S. An instrument " consisting of a long piece of 

 ' ' wood, to act as a lever, with a piece of iron at the end, standing out a few 

 " inches, grooved, so as to make teeth to clasp the hop-poles and draw them 

 "readily from the ground. S[ussex.] Also used in Kent." W.D.Cooper, 

 Suss. Gloss. 2nd Ed., 1853-. 



