246 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



labourers to manure his arable every year with the 

 manure, which results from the cows, sheep, and horses, 

 in the manner which shall be described further on. The 

 time of year when he has this manure carried out is in 

 the winter, on the days when the weather is such that he 

 cannot use the horses for any other field work, aker- 

 bruk. As regards manuring with chalk, he had the 

 same story as has been mentioned above (p. 239 

 orig.). 



Nedhuggna hackar til bransle. 



Cut-down hedges as fuel. 



When Mr. Williams cuts down an old hedge to make 

 a new grow in its place, he employs, as is usual, part of 

 the cut-down hedge for the erection of a dead fence ; but 

 the other part, which is over, and is the most, be it twigs 

 or thicker timber, qvistar eller tjockare virke, he 

 has cut shorter, to 3 feet or 4 feet long, binds it into 

 small bundles, and sells as fuel to the surrounding 

 inhabitants who have need of such, or it is left for pay- 

 ment of the day labourers and such like folk who work 

 for him,* til.betalning at dagsverks-karlar, som 

 arbeta bos honom. For two or three logs of the 

 larger timber, each of which is little thicker than an" arm, 

 he gets as much as for a bundle of twigs, en knippa af 

 qvistar. 



Art-land. Pease land. 



We accompanied Mr. Williams over one of his arable 

 fields, which was entirely sown with different kinds of pease . 

 The field consisted of 10 acres of land, Akern bestod af 

 10 acre land. The pease were now getting on for 3 inches 

 high. When the pease stalk is 3 or 4 inches long, a 



* Payment in kind is not even yet wholly extinct, as in the neighbour- 

 hood of Kelso. [J. L.] 



