24^ KALM'S ENGLAND. 



partly because with their widely outspread roots they 

 drew the nourishment, fddau, both from the crops sown 

 on the arable, and from the other trees in the hedge, 

 partly and principally that by their shade, and the drop- 

 ping of the water from their branches [T. I. p. 248] and 

 leaves, they, as it were, killed* the hedges and trees which 

 grew under them, of which, hvarpa, plain proofs were 

 everywhere visible, for under all these trees the hedges 

 were very poor and thin, usle ocb. glese, not to mention 

 that these, by their shade, incredibly furthered the growth 

 and increase of the mosses, especially in the meadows and 

 pastures lying on the north side of them, where it was 

 always found that the moss under their shade throve best 

 of all, and thence afterwards extended along the surface 

 of the ground. But the farmers must endure this, for 

 they had not liberty to hew down so useful, and for the 

 country so ornamental a tree, more than was absolutely 

 necessary ; because few of the farmers owned the farms 

 they lived upon themselves, but rented, arrenderade, 

 them from others. 



Sot til godsel. Soot as Manure. 



Several arable fields were shown us just sown with 

 wheat, on which Mr. Williams had soot strown as manure. 

 He had bought it in London, and conveyed it from thence 

 hither, so that it had cost him tenpence a bushel before 

 he got it here, which cost however he did not grudge, for 

 he reckoned soot as one of the choicest manures on the 

 field. He had also strown some of it over the grass-sward, 

 grasvallen, on some of the small enclosed meadows, 

 which he said was partly because it was very manuring, 

 and partly because the mosses were destroyed by it. 



Ek-bark at Garfvare. Oak bark for Tanners. 



About three or four weeks after this, they begin to fell 



