266 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



difficulty in believing ; for I saw old hedges in one place 

 and another by the'fields where the trees seemed to flourish 

 as well as up in Chilturn Land about Little Gaddesden, 

 &c, for the hawthorn, sloe, blackberry bushes, and 

 other leaf trees formed here as beautiful and thick 

 hedges as in Hertfordshire. I enquired further, how the 

 cattle can then be restrained from springing into the 

 arable fields and there doing harm ? To this they 

 answered that each farmer keeps a cow-herd, fa-herde, 

 who accompanies the cattle and sheep, and drives them 

 on to the places which it is allowed for them to bait 

 upon, and keeps them from running into the ploughed 

 fields or meadows to do har m there. 



Huru. atskillig slags halm, ormbunkar, etc, 

 beredes til godsel. 



How different kinds of straw, Brackens, &c, are prepared 

 as manure. 



At a place just outside Ivinghoe there lay by the 

 roadside a large dunghill of dung, straw, &c, shovelled 

 together to ferment. Its length was 48 feet, breadth 

 24, and height about 1 fathom. It consisted of the 

 fodder which they had given to the cattle and spread 

 out under them in the farm-yard, i fa-garden, namely, 

 wheat, barley, beans, pease, and oat-straw, together with 

 a multitude of brackens. They dispose of it, as has been 

 mentioned above (p. 251, orig. p. 251 above.) 



Huru de gora sig nytta af orenligheten pa vagar 

 vid byar. 



How they use the dirt on the roads near the villages. 



Everywhere I have travelled in this country I have 

 remarked that straw and other litter has been strown on 

 the parts of the roads in the villages which were wet and 

 dirty. The object .of this was [T. I. p. 265] partly to get 



