270 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



All houses in this parish, besides some outhouses, 

 which were of oak-boards, were built of stone or brick, 

 tegel, yet the brickwork was entirely between cross- 

 work or cross-timbers, korsverke, which went both ad 

 angulos rectos et acutos.* The roofs nearly all of straw, 

 halm, well-thatched, and very steep. Everywhere by 

 the streets and round about the houses there were trees 

 planted, so that the place lay almost in a garden. The 

 village lies mostly in a hollow. On the east side are high 

 chalk hills, on which arable fields go right up to the 

 highest point.f 



Sag-span af Bok til bransle. 



Saw-dust from Beech for fuel. 



In some places we saw that they had in their sheds, 

 lider, among other fuel, also heaps of beech-dust, 

 Bdk-span. Their use, when they are dry, was said 

 only to be this — that by them the fire can be kept alive 

 on the hearth, but that they are no good to cook food 

 with. Some sticks were always laid at the bottom on 

 the hearth, nederst i Spisen, upon which these were 

 afterwards cast. 



Flinta til galf och grundval pa hus. 



Flints for floors and foundations of houses. 



In some places the floor of the entrance, PorstUgU- 

 galfven, consisted only of flints, which were there laid 

 in clay, ler, so the flat side came to be turned up. In 

 many places, also, the foundations of the houses, often 

 for a height of 4 feet above the ground, were built only 

 of flints. 



* Many of these old houses are still to be seen at Ivinghoe. At Eaton 

 Bray, called ' brick and stud' work, 1886. [J. L.] 



v -j- On a conical eminence seen from Ivinghoe village on the northern 

 end of Pitstone Hill, over 600 feet. It is one mile S.E. of Ivinghoe. [J. L.] 



