LITTLE GADDESDEN. 2/1 



Allehanda slags halm til godsel. 



All kinds of straw for manure. 



In each and every farmyard there was wheat, barley, 

 oats, beans [T. I. p. 269], pease, and other straw in 

 abundance strown under cows, by that means to increase 

 the manure in the manner which has been described 

 above [p. 251 orig. 251 above]. 



Akrarnas belagenhet, etc. 



The situation of the ploughed fields, &c. 



North of Ivinghoe, those fields which lay nearest 

 the village were situated on the north side of a chalk 

 hill,* so that they slope considerably. On them appeared 

 neither reins nor ditches, but only poor broken hedges 

 around them: All were laid out in broadlands. The 

 breadth of each broadland was com monly 20 feet. The 

 soil was white and of the same character as has been 

 described [p. 259 orig.], viz., of a very hard chalk with- 

 out any mixture of flint among it. It is said to have 

 the property that in severe drought it cracks all 

 to pieces in deep and wide fissures, vid stark 

 torka spricker alt sonder i djupa och breda 

 ramnor, often 2 or 3 inches broad. But the lower 

 parts of the fields north of Ivinghoe, those, namely, 

 which lay at the bottom lowest down on the flat plain 

 in the valley were laid out in an entirely different 

 manner, namely, in ridge half-acre land, and ridge acre 

 land, that is, the whole field, akern,f lay in great ridges 

 ryggar eller uphoghingar, highest in the middle, 

 halst midt pa, and sloping on both sides, just in the 



* The escarpment of the Lower Chalk Or Hurlock. [J. L.J 



■(■ There is one particular field from which Kalm evidently took his 



description — the third from Ivinghoe, through which the footpath to Ivinghoe 



Aston passes, before it crosses the beck. [J. L.] 



