LITTLE GADDESDEN. 279 



Pectinites. They were all very small. This was an 

 unfailing sign that the chalk-formation, Krit-bargen, 

 had in former times been sea, as well as that the chalk is 

 a child of later times, unless these so-called mussel- 

 shells are lusus natures. 



Nyttan af den harda kritjorden vid Ivinghoe. 

 Use of the hard chalk at Ivinghoe. 



The white earth, jorden, which was dug up in wet 

 places at or near Ivinghoe below the chalk of the hard 

 kind or Hurlok, looked just like [T. I. p. 276] a lime 

 mortar. 



The carl who accompanied us, told us that they 

 here use to build walls with it because it is very binding. 

 The pieces which had become very hard, and as it were 

 half petrified, were carried out on to the roads, to repair 

 them with. Otherwise, ordinary flint was also very much 

 used for carrying on to the roads to fill up the deep ruts, 

 sparen, with, which the wheels of the large and heavy 

 carts and wagons which are used in England had made, 

 often getting on for 2 feet deep in the ground. 



Hackar af bok. Hedges of beech.* 



In one place and another between Ivinghoe and Little 

 Gaddesden, the hedges around the inclosures consist 

 principally of small beeches, which had been industriously 

 planted there. And as the beech in this district retains 

 its old leaves the whole winter right up to the spring 

 when the new begin to shoot forth, such a beech-hedge is 

 of especial use and advantage, as it is a very good shelter 

 for sheep in the winter time in bad weather and cold 

 blasts, while on the other hand the other hedges stand 

 leafless. 



* As on north side of Edgeborough churchyard, 1886. [J. L.] 



