314 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



are taken, and cut [T. I. p. 310] off obliquely a good 4 

 or 6 inches above the root, and afterwards planted in the 

 cast-up bank all in a row, or in lined recta. The thickness 

 of these shoots is about the size of a finger, sometimes a 

 little less. They are set so close together that there is 

 commonly not more than 3 inches between each. When 

 they are planted there is made, as it were, a water- 

 furrow right along the whole bank about 4 inches deep, 

 in which these shoots are set by their roots, but are so 

 placed that they do not come to stand perpendicular, but 

 very much leaning towards the ditch, so that they might 

 later on so much the better keep off the cattle. Upon 

 that the furrow in which they are planted, is turned over 

 again, by which mould is cast on to their roots, so that 

 the newly-planted shoots often do not come to stand 

 with their ends over an inch above the ground. The 

 shoots which are commonly used for this purpose 

 are either hawthorn or sloe, which are intermixed, but, 

 besides these, there are set here and there, either at a 

 certain distance or length from each other, or just as 

 they please, small shoots of willows, Vilar, Salices ; 

 beeches, Bdk ; ash, Ask ; maple, Lonn ; lime, Lind ; 

 elm, Aim ; and other leaf-trees ; which are cut off, so 

 that they are as short as the others. When this has 

 been arranged they begin to make the bank, vallen, 

 higher, in that more mould is cast up out of the ditch on 

 to the roots of the newly-planted shoots, till the wall or 

 bank, vallen eller banken, has been raised 1 foot 

 higher than when they were first planted, and of such a 

 slope that when a stick is laid on the side or slope of the 

 bank there is commonly 18 inches between the row the 

 first shoots were set in, and the summit of this added 

 earth. Herein is now planted, in exactly the same 

 way, a row of hawthorn or sloe, and several of the above- 

 named leaf-trees, whose [T. I. p. 311] roots are 



