3l6 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



planted, to hinder the cattle from climbing up on to 

 the earth-bank. 



Obs. In England there is the advantage that nearly 

 in every town and large village there is one or more 

 nurseryman, Tragards-mastare, whose principal occu- 

 pation is, to sow and plant the seeds of a number of 

 different kinds of trees, and to keep ' tree-schools,' so 

 that they can sell a number of all kinds of different young 

 shoots for a reasonable price to one who requires them. 

 When, then, a farmer, en Landtman, wishes to lay 

 down, for example, a new hedge, he goes to such a 

 nurseryman and buys of him as many 1,000 shoots as he 

 requires, which he can at once plant out as a hedge 

 without waiting from the time they are sown till they 

 have grown so large that they can be planted out, which 

 would be too longsome, for langsamt, because the 

 hawthorn-berries lie, for the most part, two years in the 

 earth before they come up. 



Sometimes a new hedge is made with a ditch on its 

 outer side, as in the afore-named manner, sometimes 

 also, without a ditch, when the mould to plant the shoots 

 in is taken from both sides of the place where the hedge 

 is going to stand. In planting the shoots, it is especially 

 necessary that the soil should be arranged close into and 

 around their roots. If the hedge is laid down without 

 any ditch, a dead fence must first of all be erected on 

 both sides of the planted shoots, to keep the cattle off 

 them, till they are somewhat large. 



Huru en gammal hack fornyas, och en dod 

 upresas, &c. 



How an old hedge is renewed, and a dead fence erected. 



It has been mentioned above several times that no 

 other fences, Stangsel, are here used around the arable 

 fields, meadows, pastures, orchards, flower gardens, and 



