35 2 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



second ploughing, utan at vanta efter Snedmust. 



When the ground was ploughed up the earth fell to pieces 

 tolerably small, and was still further crushed to pieces 

 with a large and heavy oak-roller, of 6 feet 6 inches long, 

 and 18 inches or 2 feet diameter, and was harrowed, 

 liarfvad.es, still smaller, first with a large harrow, and 

 afterwards with two smaller harrows, harfvor. 



After this it was rolled [T. I. p. 482] again so that 

 the earth on the ploughed fields, trades-akrarna, 

 lay now as fine and loose as a fine mould on a bed in 

 a newly sown kitchen-garden. There were no aker- 

 renar, ' acre-reins,'* i.e., strips left unploughed, except 

 only an ells-breadth close to the hedges. The ploughed 

 fields did not lie in teg-skifte, or 'lands,' originally 

 exchangeable strips,^ but entirely in severalty, ensta- 

 kade. The same was the case with the meadows and 

 pastures, each of which was separate from its neigh- 

 bours. 



Hvetet. The crop that was mostly sown here was 

 wheat, which by itself made three or four times as much 

 as barley and oats together. I saw no rye here. 



Among the crops were found a great many weeds, 

 among which Papaver, 428 [P. Rheas] Cucubalus, 360, 

 [Silene infiata, Bladder Campion] and Ranunculus, 468, 

 [R. bulbosus] were the most plentiful. 



The luxuriance of the Wheat, the length of the straw, 

 and of the ear, and the number of grains in each ear 



* Reins. Studies in Nidderdale, 1872, 8vo. (p. 60). "InN. a. Keean is 

 the strip that was formerly left unploughed around a ploughed field." For 

 other " Reins," it. p. 61. [J. L.] 



f For the land-division in the common fields, see Col. A. H. Ouvry's 

 transl. from the German of E. Nasse, " Agricultural Community of the 

 Middle Ages," 1871, 8vo. ; "Primitive Property," the Eng. transl. of 

 Laveleye, 1878, 8vo. ; and "The English Village Community," F. Seebohm, 

 1883, 8vo. ; also "Studies in Nidderdale," 1872, 8vo. viii. "The 

 Reins." [J. L.] 



