358 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



the same service as hedges or fences to hinder the cattle 

 from coming out of the pasture-lands into the ploughed 

 fields and meadows. 



In most places these ditches were full-grown with 

 Reeds, Arundo Vulgaris Palustris, C. B., which the cattle 

 bit off as far as they could reach. 



Barley was most properly sown on these lowland 

 arable fields, and now stood very beautiful. The soil 

 was clay, Jordmon var lera. A part of these arable 

 fields was lying fallow. 



They were now very busily engaged in mowing hay 

 on the places which were laid down as meadows or 

 grassland. 



Godning. Manuring. 



We found here in Essex, as well as all around 

 Gravesend in Kent, that the cattle's dung was carried 

 out and laid either by some ploughed field or some 

 meadow where it was thrown together in great quad- 

 rangular heaps, yet not entirely by itself, but mixed in 

 alternate layers with turf, thus to lie and ferment into a 

 compact mass before it came to be used on the arable 

 fields, meadows, or gardens. 



At home at the farms we saw both in Essex and Kent 

 the manure collected and treated in the same way as we 

 have described before at Little Gaddesden (T. I. p. 251. 



et seq. orig.) 



Krita. Chalk. 



Here and there on this side in Essex are also chalk 

 hills of the same kind and shape as in Kent. We saw in 

 one and another place that the chalk was carried out on 

 to the fields, where it lay partly in, and partly spread out 

 over, the ploughed portions of land to manure them with. 



Hus. Houses. 

 The husbandmen's houses, Bondernas hus, here in 



