362 



KALM S ENGLAND. 



places were large plots sown with Beans, which seemed 

 to thrive here better than in any place I saw in 

 England. They were sown with open hand, and not 

 in rows. 



In several places was sown Wheat, which was standing 

 beautiful. The ploughed fields were there arranged in 

 small ' ryggs,'* ryggar, or ridges, 4 feet wide each, the 

 ryggs low enough, no reins out on the ploughed plots. 

 But of all crops, barley, gumrik [Hordeum Hexastichum, 

 Linn. ' Regie Korn,' Lilja, Skdnes Flora, 1869, I. 46], 

 was here the most plentiful, and now stood beautiful and 

 flourishing ; the stalk's length 2 feet 6 inches to 3 feet ; 

 two or more plants from one root, in the greater number 

 of ears twenty-seven opposite couples of grains. The 

 ploughed fields lay in Broad-land, about 20 feet between 

 the water-furrows. 



All these arable fields, meadows, and pastures were 

 separated from each other by dikes, (liken, so that here 

 also each farmer had his own land separated from his 

 neighbour's, [T. II. p. 24J that he was able to look after 

 and keep it as he best would and could. 



Hafre. Oats. 



We saw at several places in Essex large arable fields 

 which were entirely sown with white oats, hvit hafre. 

 Of other kinds of oats we found none. 



The ploughed fields at this edge of the county were 

 richer in soil, svartmylla,f than around Gravesend in 

 Kent. The sub-soil, jordmon, was brick-coloured. Very 

 many small Pebble-stones, and other small fragments of flint, 

 lay on a great part of the arable fields in Essex. On some, 



* Ryggs. " Corn riggs are bonnie." — Burns. [J. L.] 



f ' Svartmyllan, eller den jorden, som pa akrarna lstg ofverst.' 



(T. I. p. 204.) 'The earth which lay highest on the fields,' the topsoil ; lit. 

 black earth. [J. L.] 



