366 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



Commonly, and for the most part, it was laid alter- 

 nately with cattle-dung and turf or mould, so that when 

 they had laid a bed of turf or mould below, a bed 

 of fresh cattle-dung was laid thereupon, which for the 

 greatest part was mere straw-Utter, halm-byssie,* and 

 so by turns turf and dung. 



Very often these manure heaps lay along the margin 

 of some arable field to be so much nearer to hand 

 afterwards, for it was very seldom laid on the ploughed 

 fields themselves, but mostly close beside them ; whereas 

 it would seem to have been more profitable to have 

 spread it on a piece of fallow field so that it might be 

 once for all exposed to the open air ; because the places 

 which the manure was laid upon would be manured by 

 the liquid which had run down therefrom. We measured 

 such a manure heap arranged beside a field and found it 

 to be 102 feet long, 6 feet broad, and only 3 feet high, 

 formed alternately of turf and dung. 



Genista Spinosa. Raj. Syn. 475. [Ulex Europseus] 

 Furze grew here on the sand heaths, sandhedar, in 

 astonishing abundance, so that it covered over nearly the 

 whole [T. II. p. 28] sand heath. The highest bushes 

 were 4 feet high. It lay here in many places cut 

 down, and in great heaps. At nearly every farm, gard, 

 especially at the poorer ones, were large heaps thereof, 

 which they used instead of other wood as fuel. 



Hagnad om akrar. Hedges around the ploughed fields. 



The whole country at this side was, in the same 

 manner as at the other places where I sojourned in Eng- 

 land, divided into arable fields, meadows, pastures, com- 

 mons, &c, each of which was mostly fenced round with 

 a hedge of hawthorn, in which several other leaf-trees 



* Byssie. Mod. Swed. Boss, Litter. [J. L.] 



