ESSEX OPPOSITE GRAVESEND. 367 



also took up their abode, as elm, oak, ash, sloe, black- 

 berry bushes, Aim, Ek, Ask, Slan, Biorn-bars- 

 buskar, privet, and others ; yet had the elm at all places 

 in England * the pre-eminence over other trees excepting 

 the hawthorn, of which the hedges were. 



We saw here, in one place and another, hedges around 

 some sides of fields which consisted entirely of elm. We 

 also saw here and there some oak, which in Kent, around 

 Gravesend, is seldom to be seen. Neither Beech, Bok, nor 

 Hornbeam, Afvenbdk (Carpinus), were seen here, nor 

 have I seen any of them in Kent ; both of them, however, 

 grew in abundance in Hertfordshire. 



In some places only had they any wattle-fencing, 

 gardes-gard af spratar ihop vriden, such as is de- 

 scribed on p. 14 T. II. orig. Moreover, the hedges were 

 in many places poor enough hereabouts, so that they 

 would not be able to stand against such outrageous cattle, 

 bangstyriga Kreatur, as we have in Sweden. But 

 in the places where the hedges were in their proper state 

 they could always prevent the most turbulent ox [T. II. 

 p. 29] or horse from entering the arable fields. In 

 many places they could well have such fragile fences, 

 because there is on the pasture-lands, for the most 

 part, such an abundance of good and rich bait that the 

 cattle need not go to seek better. 



Besides that, Swine are mostly fed at home at the farm, 

 and seldom go far from it. Hence it happens that in many 

 places by the hedges the grass stands in the greatest 

 luxuriance, and is not cropped by any animal, also the 

 wayside plants are entirely untouched. 



Sain Foin. We saw one and another enclosure, 



* The elm is specially abundant on the London clay and Gault ; the 

 oak on the Weald clay ; the beech on the chalk. In the north the elm is 

 largely replaced by the Scotch plane, Acer Pseudo plalanus. [J. L.] 



