GRAVESEND. 419 



which are now 4 feet perpendicularly under the upper 

 surface of the soil-crust, jordskarpen, formerly lay up 

 to the day and the sun. We dug into the bank and found 

 everywhere such bleached flint fragments and Pebblestones. 

 When these bleached flint fragments which lay in the 

 bank were broken, they often looked inwardly like flints 

 which have been in the fire, but nevertheless, have not 

 been so hard burned as to have run to glass.* 



At times were found at 8 feet perpendicular depth 

 in the chalk itself large spots or pipes, flackar, of 

 [T. II. p. 65] one to two feet diameter, which consisted 

 entirely and solely of such brown mould as lies on the 

 surface, and is the same as we call svartmylla. In 

 these "pipes " as well as in the chalk around them, were 

 plenty of small Pebblestones. We found similar pipes in 

 many chalk pits. In some places they were obliged to 

 throw away the vegetable soil, flint fragments, Pebble- 

 stones, and other mixed earth, for a depth of 6 feet 

 perpendicularly, before they could get pure chalk to use 

 for lime burning. 



I will now give the notes I made in one and another 

 of the chalk-pits in order that I might see how the beds 

 lay in them, and what the walls consisted of. In one of 

 these Chalkpits, the nearest to Gravesend, the strata were 

 in this order : — ft. i n . 



1. Highest, and on the chalk was soil, Svart- 

 mylla eller matjord, which here in colour was 

 mostly brown, about one foot thick more or less ... 1 o 



It was not everywhere of the same thickness, 

 but sometimes went down in curves or pockets, 

 viggar eller kilar, in the chalk to a depth of 

 two, three and four feet, but unequal breadths. 



2. Next to that a chalky mixture of Pebblestones 



* Of course this is the effect of oxidation. [J.L.] 



2E 2 



