c. 



SUBJECT INDEX — MORPHOLOGICAL SECTION 



363 



Budgett, J. S. 1900.5. —Amia. •Eycleshy- 

 mer, A. C. & Wilson, J. M. 1908.1 ; Phelps, 

 J. 1900.1; Eeighard, J. E. 1900.2; Reig- 

 hard, J. E. & Phelps, J. 1908.1. —Lepi- 

 dosiren and Protopterus. Kerr, J. G. 

 1900.1 (iii). -— Polypterus. Kerr, J. G. 

 1907.2. — Aciperaser. Kupffer, 0. 1893.1; 

 •Sawadsky, A. M. 1911. 1,.2. 



.ffiSTIVATION 



The manner in which fishes survive dry- 

 ing of water courses by embedding in 

 mud, etc. 



Miscellaneous. Huard, V. A. 1903.1; 

 Milewski, A. 1915.9. — Earliest known 

 account of this phenomenon. Theophrastus. 

 Pre-Linn. 1495.1. 



^Estivation of various fishes. — Embed- 

 ding of carp, perch, etc., in mud at disap- 

 pearance of the stream and their reappear- 

 ance after rainfall. Buchanan, J. Y. 1911.1. 



— Indian fishes. •Day, F. 1877.3. — 

 Lepidosiren. Kerr, J. G. 1898.2, 1900.1. 



— Galaxias. Hall, T. S. 1901.1; Fletcher, 



— Add. 1906.1; Stead, D. G. Add. 1907.6, 

 .7. — Australian fishes. Spencer, B. Add. 

 1896.1. 



JEstivation of the African lungfish, Pro- 

 topterus; structure, chemical composition, 

 etc., of the cocoon, resumption of active life 

 after the torpid condition, etc. Allen, G. 

 1885.1; Dean, B. 1912.5; Dubois, R. 

 1892.1; Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, A. 1863.1; 

 Jardine, W. 1841.1; Macdonnell, R. 

 1860.1; Meyer, R. 1866.1; Parker, W. 

 N. 1888.2, 1889.2, 1892.1; Sarasin, F. 

 1905.1; Walther, G. 1889.1; Wieder- 

 sheim, R. E. 1887.3. 



For the manner in which fishes pass the 

 winter season, see Hibernation. 



For Burrowing Habits of various non- 

 CBstivating fishes, see this subject under 

 Habits of Fishes. 



AIR BLADDER 



General accounts of the anatomy, phys- 

 iology, etc. •Bridge, T. W. 1890.2, 

 1904.1; •Bridge, T. W. & Haddon, A. 

 C. 1889.1, 1893.1; Day, F. 1880.1, .8; 

 • DoUinger, I. 1804.1; Hasse, J. C. 1873.1; 

 Lloyd, J. 1869.1; Morris, C. 1886.1; 

 Reis, K. 1907.1; Reissner, E. 1859.2. 



Miscellaneous papers on the air bladder. 

 Bist, - 1807.1; Gunther, A. C. 1874.2; 

 Hancock, J. 1830.1; Houghton, W. 

 1868.2; Huber,R. O. 1908.1; Janson, O. 

 1905.1; Leonhardt, E. E. 1905.2; Prud- 

 homme, -1811.1; Sussdorf, J. 1862.1; 

 Vion, R. 1881.2; Anon, 439, 532, 566; 

 Foley, A. Add. 1863.1. — Pre-Linn. refs. 

 Hanow, M. 1737.1; Ray, J. 1675.1. 



DeTelopment of air bladder. General 

 discussions. Agasaiz, J. L. 1850.8; Baer, 

 K. E. 1834.1, 1836.1,.2,.3; •Moser, F. 

 1903.1; Strieker, F. 1899.1; Thilo, O. 

 1904.1; •Goeppert, E. Add. 1902.1. 



Development of air bladder in — Clupea. 

 Nedozhivin, A. J. 1912.1. — Tetrodontidae, 

 and carp. Thilo, O. 1899.1, 1908.3, 1914.1. 

 — Lophobranchii. Weber, A. 1886. 2, .3. 



Homologies with lungs. Considera- 

 tion of the genetical relations existing be- 

 tween the air bladder of fishes and the lungs 

 of higher vertebrates. Conclusions based 

 chiefly upon the study of the Dipnoi. 



Considered homologous. Greil, A. 1905.1; 

 Kerr, J. G. 1908.1; Morris, C. 1892.1; 

 Goette, A. 1904.1; Miiller, F. W. 1911.1; 

 •Spengel, J. W. 1904.1; Wiedersheim, 

 R. E. 1904.2; Makuschok, M. Add. 

 1913.1; Oppel, A. Add. 1905.1. 



Considered not homologous. Albrecht, 

 P. 1886.1; MuUer, J. 1841.4. 



For the structure of the air bladder in in- 

 dividual Dipnoi, see below under Specialized 

 air bladders. 



Anatomy and morphology 



For the connections with the membranous 

 labyrinth by tubular prolongations, and by 

 the Weberian apparatus, see under Auditory 

 organs. 



Larger, and more important papers on 

 the anatomy and morphology of the air 

 bladder. Deinek, D. I. 1901.1, 1904.1; 

 Jacobi, H. S. 1840.1; Jacobs, 0. 1898.1; 

 •Jaeger, A. 1903.1; Miiller, J. 1842.2; 

 •Reis, K. 1907.1; Tracy, H. C. 1910.2, 

 1911.1; Oppel, A. Add. 1906.2. 



Various smaller papers. Baudelot, E. 

 1873.1; Berlack, J. 1834.1; Cuenot, L. 

 1887.1; Cuvier,G.L. 1809.1; Delaroche, 

 F. E. 1809.2; Faivre, E. 1854.1; Huschke, 

 E. 1818.1; Kner, R. 1864.3; Rathke, 

 M. H. 1827.1. 



Earliest general account. Fischer von 

 Waldheim, G. 1795.1. — Considered a 

 degenerate gland. Prince, E. E. 1906.1. 

 — Ossified in certain fishes. Thilo, O. 

 1913.1. 



Ducts for the. communication of the air 

 bladder with the exterior. 



Ductus pneumaticus, connection between 

 air bladder and alimentary canal, of Phy- 

 sostomi. •Rowntree, W. S. 1903.1. 



Posterior communication with cloaca 

 in herring. Bennett, F. W. 1879.1; Starks, 

 E. 0. 1911.1. — No cloacal communica- 

 tion in Ophiocephalus. Starks, E. C. 1911.2. 



Duct ending in right branchial cavity of 

 Caranx. Moreau, F. A. 1875.1, .6, 1876.1, .4. 



Retia mirabilia. Called also red glands, 

 gas glands, ovals, etc. 



For an old but excellent account of Retia 

 mirabilia in teleostean fishes, see Miiller, J. 

 1840.4. 



Morphology, histology, functions, etc. 

 Coggi, A. 1886.1, 1889.1; Corning, H. K. 

 1888.1; Nusbaum, J. 1907.2; Nusbaum, 

 J. & Bykowski, L. (Fierasfer) 1904.1, 

 1905.1; Nusbaum, J. & Reis, K. 1905.1; 

 Quekett, J. T. 1842.1; •Reis, K. 1906.1, 

 .2; Reis, K. & Nusbaum, J. 1905.1, 

 1906.1; Robin, C. P. 1883.1; Seabra, 

 A. F. 1897.1; Vincent, S. & Barnes, A. 

 S. 1896.1; •Woodland, W. N. 1908.1, 

 1911.1, .2, 1911.3, 1913.1. 



Rudimentary, and degenerate air 

 bladders. — In Selachii. Mayer, P. 

 1894.2; Miklukho-Maklai, N. N. 1867.1. 

 — In young of Comephorus baicalensis. 



