364 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



Air Bladder — Cont'd. 



Reis, K. 1909.1. — Degeneration in Pleu- 



Tonectidte. Thilo, O. 1907.3. 



Specialized air bladders, including 

 the so-called "lung" of Dipnoi or Lung fishes. 



For the use of these organs in breathing, 

 see Aerial respiration under Respiration. 



Anatomy and development of lung in the 

 lungfish, Neoceratodus. Gilnther, A. 

 1871.4; Neumayer, L. 1904.1; Wilson, 

 G. 1901.2. — Neoceratodus and Protop- 

 terus. Spencer, W. B. 1898.1. 



Anatomy in Lepidosteiis. Hoeven, J. 

 1841.1; Hyrtl, C. J. 1852.2; Packard, 

 A. S. 1859.1; Poey y Aloy, F. 1858.1; 

 Valentin, G. G. 1840.1. 



Anxitomy in Polypterus. Harrington, 

 N. R. 1899.2; Wiedersheim, R. E. 1906.1. 



Larynx: occurrence, anatomy, muscula- 

 ture, etc., in Dipnoi and Ganoidei. +Wie- 

 dersheim, R. 1904.2, 1904.1,.3. 



Anatomy and morphology of the air- 

 bladder of various Teleosts 



Physoclisti, fishes lacking an open 

 ductus pneumaticus from the air-bladder to 

 the oesophagus. — Dactylopterus. Cald- 

 erwood,W.L. 1890.1. — Scicenidm. Cohn, 

 L. 1907.1; Cuvier, G. L. 1815.1. ~Ur- 

 anoscopus. Costa, O. G. 1846.4. — Car- 

 anx. Hyrtl, 0. J. 1849.3. — Macropodus. 

 Marcinkiewicz, M. 1911.1. — Ophidium, 

 Putnam, F. W. 1874.4. —Oligopus (Gad- 

 opsis). Filippi, F. Add. 1855.1. — Plec- 

 tognaths. Rosen, N. 1912.1, Add. 1912.1. 



Fhysostomi, fishes having an open 

 ductus pneumaticus communicating with the 

 oesophagus. — Malacopterygii. *Beau- 

 fort, L. F. 1909.1. 



Air bladder of certain Cyprinidce. — A^'e- 

 machilus. Bloch, L. 1900.1. — Cobiiidce. 

 Grobben, C. 1875.1; Jaquet, M. 1894.2. 



— Cyprinidce. *Guy6not, E. 1906.1; 

 Leonhardt, E. E. 1903.11. 



Structure of air bkidder in various 

 SiluridcE. Bridge, T. W. 1890.1. — Doras. 

 Kner, R. 1854.3. — Amiurus. Macallum, 

 A. B. 1884.1. — Siluroides nebulosus. 

 Reis, K. 1905.1. 



Air bladder of Notoplerus. Bridge, T. W. 

 1900.1. —Esox. Czermdk, J. N. 1850.1. 



— Coregonus and Anguilla. Haempel, O. 

 1909.1. — Erythrinus. Jaoobi, H. S. 

 1840.1. —Carapus. Kaup, J. J. 1856.5. 



— Apodes. Kner, R. 1866.6. — Anguilla. 

 Pauly, A. 1882.1. — Gymnotini. Rein- 

 hardt, J. T. 1852.1 — Poeciliidai. Langer, 

 W. F. 1913.1. —Clupeidce. Regan, C. T. 

 1911.1; Ridewood, AV. G. 1891.1. 



Nature of gaseous content 



The gases of the air bladder consist of 

 oxygen and nitrogen with small quanti- 

 ties of carbon dioxide. 



Various papers, researches, notes, etc. 

 Biot, J. B. 1807.1, Add. 1807.1; Ik-Bohr, 

 C. 1892.1; Erman, P. 1808.1; Fourcroy, 

 A. F. 1789.1; •Huefner, C. G. 1892.1; 

 •Moreau, F. A. 1862.2, 1863. 3,.4, 1864.3- 

 1879.1; Richard, J. 1895.1, 1896.2; 



Schlcesing, T. & Richard, J. 1896.1 



(Argon) ; Schultze, F. 1872.1 ; Tower, R. 

 W. 1902.2; Traube-Mengarini, M. 1887.1, 

 1889.1, Add. 1888.1; Brodbelt, F. R. 

 Add. 1796.1, 1797.1; ConfigUacci, P. 

 Add. 1809.1, 1811.1; Krukenberg, C. F. 

 Add. 1881.1. 



Variation at different depths (almost 

 pure oxygen at greater depths). Moreau, F. 

 A. 1874.1, .2, 1875.4; Wittmack, M. C. 

 1876.1. 



Physiology and functions 



For the air bladder as a respiratory organ, 

 see Aerial respiration under Respiratipn. 



For the action of the extrinsic muscles of 

 the air bladder in producing sounds, see 

 under Sound production. 



General treatises on the physiology of the 

 air bladder. •Baglioni, S. 1908.3; 

 Bjeletskij, N. F. 1883.1; •Popta, C. M. 

 1910.1, 1912.1; Kuiper, K. Add. 1914.1. 



Other important accounts. •kGuy^^ot, 



E. 1909.1, 1912.1; Jaeger, A. 1903.1- 

 1906.1; Liebreich, O. 1890.1, .2; Ma- 

 rangoni, C. 1879.1, 1880.1; Treviranus, 

 G. R. 1812.1, 1817.1; Wegener, M. 

 1910.2; Priefer, B. Add. 1892.1. 



Shorter and non-technical accounts. Day, 



F. 1880.3; Erxleben, J. C. 1798.1; Geof- 

 froy-Saint-Hilaire, E. 1809.3; -• Gorka, S. 

 1908.1; Gouriet, E. 1866.1 ;«r Meigen, - 

 1856.1; Quekett, J. T. 1842.1; Reis, K. 

 & Nusbaum, J. 1907.1; Sprenger, W. 

 1900.4; Waldschmidt, J. 1906.1; Len- 

 denfeld, R. Add. 1897.1. 



Experimental researches: effects on gas 

 production of transection of the vagus and 

 sympathetic nerves. Bohr, C. 1894.1; 

 Harting, P. 1865.1; Moreau, F. A. 1865.1. 



— Results of excision. Giaja, J. 1908.1. 



— Use of physometer. Harting, P. 1872.2, 

 1874.2. 



Belief that air bladder is filled only 

 through ductus pneumaticxLs. Thilo, O. 

 1914.1. 



Earliest scientific work on functions of 

 air bladder. Borelli, G. A. Pre-Linn. 

 1680.1; J. A., 1675.1. 



Hydrostatic functions, or the methods 

 by which fishes rise and sink. Bonnier, P. 

 1895.1; •Charbonnel-Salle, L. 1887.1; 

 Corblin, H. 1887.1; Dei, A. 1895.1; 

 •Moreau, F. A. 1875.3, .5, .6, 1876.5, 

 1879.1; Regnard, P. 1895.2; Hesse, R. 

 Add. 1913.1; Musy, M. Add. 1912.1. 



Density of fishes: fresh-water fishes weigh 

 slightly less, most marine forms slightly 

 more, and Pleuronectidce relatively much 

 more, than the amount of water displaced. 

 Magnan, A. & La Riboisifere, J. 1912.2. 



ALIMENTARY CANAL OF FISHES 



Comprising the morphology of the di- 

 gestive tract in fishes. 



For the functions of the alimentary canal, 

 see Digestion. 



_ For other organs derived from or associated 

 T\-ith the alimentary tract, see Air bladder. 

 Liver, Pancreas, Spleen, etc. 



For an e.vhauslive treatise on the histo- 

 logical structure of the alimentary canal 

 with a full bibliography, consult *Oppel, A. 



