380 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



Auditory Organs — Cont'd. 



Important papers on the structure of the 

 ear. •Bresohet, G. 1832.1, 1838.1,- Cane- 

 strini, R. 1886.2; Dutosse, A. 1874.1; 

 Fischer, C. E. 1862.1; Hasse, J. C. 1869.1, 

 1873.2; Vescovi, P. 1891.1. 



Miscellaneous papers. Beard, J. 1884.1; 

 Camper, P. 1763.1, 1774.1, Add. 1763.1, 

 1792.1; Comparetti, A. 1789.1; Cuvier, 

 G. & Dumeril, A. 1830.1; DumMl, A. M. 

 1832.1, 1835.1, 1858.1; Gegenbaur, C. 

 1886.1; Hunter, J. 1782.1; Koelreuter, 

 J. G. 1772.1; Retzius, M. G. 1875.1; 

 Scarpa, A. 1789.1; Webb, W. M. 1905.1; 

 Geoffroy, E. F. Add. 1778.1, Pre-Linn. 

 1755.1; Vicq-d'Azyr, F. Add. 1781.1; 

 Villeneuve, - Add. 1760.1, Pre-Linn. 

 1756.1; Casserius, J. Pre-Linn. 1601.1; 

 NoUet, J. A. Pre-Linn. 1746.1. 



Anatomy and histology 



Anatomy of parts of labyrinth. — Cu- 

 pula terminalis. Hasse, J. C. 1870.1 

 (Cyprinido}) ; Hensen, V. A. 1878.1; 

 Studnioka, F. K. 1912.1 (Petromyson). 



— Sacculus. Shepherd, 0. E. 1914.1. — 

 Dimensions of seTnicircular canals. Wulf, 



B. 1901.1. — Nature of endolymph. 

 Doesschate, G. Add. 1914.1. — Structure 

 of "Cochlea" (Lagena), Esox. Hein, J. P. 

 Pre-Linn. 1671.1. 



Anatomy of membranous labyrinth 

 in various groups, including histological 

 structure. (Of Cyclostomes, Myxine has one 

 semicircular canal, and Petromyzon two; 

 all higher fishes three.) 



Cyclostomata. Ecker, A. 1844.1, 1854.2; 

 Ketel, H. 1873.1; Krause, Rud. 1905.1, 

 1906.2; MilUer, J. (Myxine) 1834.1; 



Ovsyannikov, F. V. 1864.1, 1865.1; Stud- 

 nioka, F. K. 1912.1. 



Elasmohranchii. Buchanan, T. 1828.1; 

 Everett, W. H. 1896.1; Retzius, M. G. 

 1878.1, .2, 1880.3; Stewart, C. 1906.1, .2. 



Ganoidei and Dipnoi. — Neoceratodus. 

 Burne, R. H. 1913.1. — Ganoids. Cisow, 

 A. 1880.1. — Calamoichthys and Polyp- 

 terus. Retzius, M. G. 1881.3. 



Teleostei. Kuhn, A. 1877.1; Retzius, 

 M. G. 1871.1, .3, 1875.1, 1880.3. — Am- 

 hlyopsidce. Eigenmann, C. H. & Yoder, 

 A. C. 1899.1; Wyman, J. 1854.5. — 

 Mormyrus. Fischer, L. H. 1854.1; Heu- 

 singer, C. F. 1826.1; Marcusen, J. 1864.1. 



— Gastroblecus and Pimelodus. Heusihger, 



C. F. 1826.1. —Cyprinidce. Lang, G. 

 1863.1, 1864.1. — Orthagoriscus. Meek, 

 A. 1904.4; Thompson, D. W. 1888.1. 



— Lepidoleprus. Otto, A. W. 1826.1. — 

 Rhadinichthys. Parker, G. H. 1908.4. 



— Exocmtus. Tschernoff, N. D. 1909.1. 



— Hypophthalmus. Wright, R. R. 1885.4, 

 1886.1. — Deep-sea fishes. Bierbaum, G. 

 Add. 1914.1. 



Peripheral nerve terminations in 

 the organs of hearing. 



Peripheral termination of the eighth or 

 auditory nerve in the epithelium (cristce and 

 macules acusticce) of the ampulla, sacculus, 

 and lagena of the labyrinth. Hartmann, R. 

 1862.1; Lang, G. 1863.1, 1864.1; Morrill, 



A. D. 1896.1; Krause, R. 1896.1, 1905.1; 

 Retzius, M. G. 1871.3, 1881.4; Rudinger, 

 N. 1870.1; Schulze, F. E. 1862.1; 

 MuUenix, R. C. Add. 1909.1. —In 

 Leucopsarion. Kato, H. 1911.1. — In 

 Petromyzon. Tretjakoiif, D. 1908.2. 



See also. Auditory nerve under Nervous 

 System, peripheral. 



Development of membranous 

 labyrinth 



For a general account of development in 

 all groups, see *Krause, R. 1906.1. 



General researches. Mitrofanov, P. I. 

 1890.1; Poll, C. 1897.1; Sidoriak, S. 

 1899.1; Stummer-Traunfels, R. 1910.1; 

 Wenig, J. 1913.1. 



Development in various fishes. — Am- 

 moccetes. Gaskell, W. H. 1898.1 (x); 

 Norris. H. W. 1896.1. — Torpedo. Hell- 

 mann, - 1898.1. — Teleostei. Noorden, C. 

 1883.1; Wenig, J. 1911.1, .2. 



Development of parts of the labyrinth. 

 — Ductus endolymphaticus. Krause, R. 

 1901.1. — Macula neglecta. Okajima, K. 

 1911.1. — Sacculus endolymphaticus. 



*Sterzi, G. 1909.1. — Ampulla in Am- 

 moccetes. Tretjakoff, D. 1908.1. 



Connections with air bladder 



Of the membranous labyrinth 



Apposition of paired tubular prolonga- 

 tions of air bladder to outer surfaces of 

 fibrous membranes closing vacuities in bony 

 walls of periotic capsules. — Notopierus. 

 Bridge, T. W. 1900.1. —Lotella. Parker, 

 T. J. 1882.3. 



Protruding outgrowths of utriculus or 

 sacculus forming otolith chambers in con- 

 tact with anterior tubular extensions of air 

 bladder. — Clupeidce. Beaufort, L. F. 

 1908.1; Ridewood,W.G. 1891.1; Tysow- 

 ski, A. 1909.1. — In certain Acanthop- 

 terygii. Starks, E. C. 1908.2. 



Weberian apparatus in Ostariophysl 

 consisting of modifications of parts of the 

 first three vertebras. 



The following historical r6sum6 is abstracted 

 from Baudelot, E. 1868.5. These bones were 

 first noticed in the carp by Rosenthal. They 

 were further described by Weber who homolo- 

 gized them with the mammalian auditory ossi- 

 cles, calling them malleus, incus, stapes and 

 claustrum. Meckel and later Brechet were also 

 inclined to this view. This view was strongly 

 opposed, however, by Geoffroy St. Hilaire, who 

 considered them to be the modified ribs of the 

 first, second and third vertebrse. Saagmans 

 Mulder originally considered them as a part 

 of the auditory apparatus, but later came to 

 the conclusion that they were ribs or parts of 

 the vertebral apophyses. Baudelot believed 

 that these bones represent the superior arches 

 of the first and second vertebrte, the inferior 

 arch of the third and the os intercrural parted 

 in two. 



Morphology, general treatise. -A-Sagemehl, 

 M. 1884.1. — Discovery made known. 

 Weber, E. H. Add. 1820.1. 



Morphology. General accounts. Baude- 

 lot, E. 1868.4,. 5; Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, 

 E. F. 1824.4,.6,.12,.13; Huschke, E. 

 1822.1; Pacini, F. 1846.1. 



