382 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



Behavior — Cont'd. 



LaBlanchfere, P. R. 1870.3, 1876.1; Leon- 

 hardt, E. E. 1909.1; Lepinay, S. 1907.1; 

 MouHon, L. M. 1880.1; Ohm, P. 1909.1; 

 Rivera, E. 1905.1; Romanes, G. J. 

 1883.1; Willumsen, P. J. 1901.2; Fara- 

 day, F. J. Add. 1879.1. 



Memory or retention. Retention of 

 an acquired or habitual response during a 

 period of its non-performance. 



Habit formation; experiments on motor 

 habits. — Pike learned not to dash into 

 glass partition to secure prey on other side. 

 Mobius, K. A. 1875.1. — Denial of such 

 learning, in flounders. Bateson, W. 1889.1. 

 — Repetition of Mobius's experiment. 

 Triplett, N. 1901.1. — Labyrinth habit of 

 Fundul-us. Thorndike, E. 1899.1, Add. 

 1911.1. — Maze learning by goldfish. 

 Churchill, E. P. Jr. in Journ. Animal Be- 

 havior, 1916, ml. 6, pp. 247-255. 



Memory of colors, including color dis- 

 crimination. The following experiments (ir) 

 involved the use of certain colored objects, 

 papers, tubes, forceps, etc., enclosing food 

 as a reward; other colors were not accom- 

 panied by food or were rendered disagree- 

 able, as by Reighard. All observers agree 

 in the retention of the associations formed. 

 Frisch, K. 1913.1; Minkevich, R. 1912.1; 

 Oxner, M. 1912.1-1912.5. Reighard, J. 

 E. 1908.1; Uhlenhuth,E. 1911.1; Wash- 

 burn, M. F. & Bentley, I. M. 1906.1; 

 Zolotniskii, N. F. 1901.3; •Goldsmith, 

 M. Add. 1914.1; •White, G. M. Add. 

 1919.1. 



Memory of form or shape. Persists 

 longer than color memory. Goldsmith, M. 

 Add. 1914.1. 



Memory of places and directions. {Topo- 

 graphic memory.) Miscellaneous, role in 

 Tnigrations, etc.; Franz, V. 1911.7, Add. 

 1913.2; Thierfelder, A. 1911.1; Zur 

 Milhlen, M. 1911.19; Anon. 317.— 

 Memory for nesting site in Blennius seems 

 to be olfactory. Pieron, H. 1914.1. — Ex- 

 periments. •Goldsmith, M. Add. 1914.1. 



Observations and anecdotes supposed to 

 indicate the existence of memory. Baum- 

 gardt, G. 1904.1; Crivelli-Serbelloni, G. 

 1901.1; Dankler, M. 1902.1; Dantan, 

 L. 1904.1; Landois, H. 1897.1; Mcin- 

 tosh, W. C. 1898.2; Parville, H. 1897.1; 

 Reeker, H. 1898.1; Anon. 287; Giard, 

 A. Add. 1897.1; J., J. Add. 1897.1.— 

 Memory Considered non-existent. •Edinger, 

 L. 1899.1, 1911.1. 



Phototaxis and phototropism. Per- 

 ception and reactions to white light. 



Experiments. •Hess, C. 1909.1, Add. 

 1913.1, 1914.1; Polimanti, O. 1912.4; 

 Eisig, H. Add. 1884.3; Freytag, G. Add. 

 1914.1. 



Light perception and reactions in — Am- 

 phioxus. Krause, W. 1897.1, 1898.2; 

 Hesse, R. Add. l&QS.l-.S. — Haplochilus. 

 Miehe, H. 1911.1, .2. — Larval plaice. 

 Moore, B. 1909.1. — Danio. Mertens, 

 R. 1915.1; Schulze, L. 1915.2. — Perioph- 

 tkalmus. Weve, H. 1913.1. 



Integumentary nerves as photoreceptors. 

 •Parker, G. H. 1905.2, 1909.1, .2. 



Reaction of eyeless (blinded) fish. Long, 

 J. A. 1904.1. — Reactions (negatively photo- 

 tropic) of eyeless cave-fish, Amblyopsis. 

 •Payne, F. 1907.1. 



Phototaxis considered a product of 

 normal reflexes under abnormal laboratory 

 conditions. Franz, V. 1910.7,.8, 1911.1, 

 .6,.8. 



Influence of light upon periodical depth- 

 migrations. Loeb, J. 1894.1, 1908.1. — 

 Influence on migrations of eel. Petersen, 

 C. G. 1907.1. 



For the Biological significance of silvery 

 coloration or lustre, in relation to photo- 

 taxis, see Miscellanea under Coloration. 



Rheotaxis and rheotropism. Re- 

 sponse to water currents. Franz, V. 1910.7. 

 — An optical reflex. Lyon, E. P. 1905.1, 

 1909.1. — Relation of labyrinth and lateral 

 line, organs to rheotaxis. Steinmann, P. 



1913.1, 1914.1, Add. 1914.1. 



For the evidently instinctive response of 

 migrating salmon to the current, see Pacific 

 salmons under Salmonidae. See especially, 

 Rutter, C. 1902.1, 1904.1. 



BLIND FISHES OF THE CAVES 



For the blind fishes (par excellence) of Mam- 

 moth Cave, Kentucky, and of otiier caverns, 

 see under Amblyopsidte. 



General treatise: Cave vertebrates of 

 America. •Eigenmann, C. H. 1909.2. 



Origin of cave faunas. Eigenmann, C. H. 

 1898.1; Garman, H. 1892.1; •Packard, 

 A. S. 1889.1,1894.1; Loeb, J. Add. 1915.1. 



Development and anatomy of the eye of 

 cave fishes. •Eigenmann, C. H. 1892.5- 



1901.2, Add. 1898.1, 1900.1; Eigenmann, 

 C. H.& Denny, W. A. 1899.1; •Kohl, C. 

 1895.1; Tellkampf, T. A. 1870.1; Wy- 

 man, J. 1851.1, 1854.5. 



Gronias nigrilabris Cope, blind catfish of 

 Pennsylvania. Cope, E. D. 1864.1. 



Phreatobius cistemarum Goeldi, blind cat- 

 fish of Marajo I., Brazil. Fuhrmann, O. 

 1905.5,.6; Goeldi, E. A. 1905.1. 



Lucifuga and Stygicola (Brotulidae) , blind 

 fishes of the caves of Cuba. — Eye, develop- 

 ment. Eigenmann, C. H. 1902.1, .2, 1903.1, 

 .1912.1. — Ovary, ova, ovarian gestation, 

 etc. Lane, H. H. 1903.1-1909.1. —Origi- 

 nal descriptions. Poey y Aloy, F. 1851.1. 

 1865.1. 



Typhlobagrus kronei (Ribeiro), blind cat- 

 fish of Iporanga, Brazil. Haseman, J. D. 

 1911.2; Lonnberg, A. J. 1908.1. —See 

 also Eigenmann in Mem. Carnegie Mus., 

 1917, vol. 7, p. 255. 



Typhlogobius califomiensis Steindachner, 

 blind goby of PointLoma, Cal. Eigenmann, 

 C. H. 1890.6; Packard, A. S. 1894.1; 

 •Ritter, W. E. 1893.1; Smith, R. S. 

 1881.1. 



For a recent paper describing Trogloglanis 

 pattersoni, a new blind catfish from an 

 artesian well at San Antonio, Texas, see 

 C. H. Eigenmann in Proc. Amer. Philos. 

 Soc, 1919, LVIII, 397-400. 



