SUBJECT INDEX — MORPHOLOGICAL SECTION 



403 



such as jewel boxes, card cases, knife and sword 

 sheaths, etc. 



These matters have been fully treated by C, 

 H. Stevenson in " Utilization of the skins of 

 aquatic animals," in Rept. U. S. Comm. Fish- 

 eries, 1902 (1904), part xxviii, pp. 281-352. 



Vaillant (L. L. 1911jl) has recorded the use 

 of the skin of the puffer (Tetrodon) for bags 

 and other ornamental objects in Siam. 



The natives of the South Sea Islands often 

 wear helmets made of the skin, with the attached 

 spiny scales, of the porcupine fish, Diodon, 

 For references, see Hartzer, F. Add. 1900.1; 

 Wilkes, C. Add. 1845.1; and especially E. W. 

 Gudger in Bull. N. Y. Zool. Soc. 1919, vol. 

 xxii, pp. 126-131. 



DIGESTION IN FISHES 



The basic literature on this subject is 

 largely in German. For a complete resume 

 of the literature, consult ■ArBiedermann, W. 

 Add. 1911.1. 



For a comprehensive treatise in French, 

 consult *Yung, E. J. Add. 1899.1. 



For works in English, consult Aloock, R. 

 1891.1, 1899.1; Stirling, W. 1884.1, 



Add. 1884.1; •SuUivan, M. X. 1905.1; 

 Van Slyke, D. D. & White, G. F. 1910.1; 

 Langley, J. N. & SewaU, H. Add. 1879.1. 



Early work on digestion in fishes: Spal- 

 lanzani placed tubes filled vnth flesh in the 

 stomachs of fishes and noted digestion. 

 Spallanzani, L. 1784.1. 



Gastric juice argued to he alkaline, after 

 mixture of stom,ach Tnucus with sublimate 

 solution. Musgrave, W. Pre-Linn. 1684.1. 



Enzymes, in addition to those treated be- 

 low under Gastric, and Intestinal digestion. 

 — General topic. *Polimanti, O. 1912.7; 

 Stirling, W. 1884.1, Add. 1884.1. — 

 Zymogen in spleen. Boudouy, T. 1899.4. 

 • — Enzymes in liver of Scyllium. Buglia, 

 G. & Constantino, A. 1913.1. — Phi- 

 lothion, diastase of striated muscle. Rey- 

 Pailliade, J. 1912.1. — Lipase in blood. 

 Sellier, J. 1902.2, .3. — Arginase of intes- 

 tinal digestion. Clementi, A. Add. 1914.1. 



Miscellaneous and unclassified papers on 

 digestion. Brinton, W. 1862.1; Cajetan, 

 J. 1883.1; Davy, J. 1860.1; Hejmacher, - 

 1837.1; Kerb, H. 1910.1; Lipschiitz, A. 

 1911.1, .2; Pancritius, P. 1887.1; Tangl, 

 F. 1899.1; Thesen, J. E. 1890.1; Zuntz, 

 N. 1898.1; Home, E. Add. 1807.1. 



For the occurrence of pebbles in the 

 stomachs of fishes, presumably aiding in 

 the trituration of food, see under Gastroliths. 



Gastric dig;estion. Various papers on 

 digestion in the stomach, changes in pepsin- 

 forming glands, enzymes, etc. Cattaneo, G. 

 1886.1,.3; Herter, E. 1891.1; •Her- 

 werden, M. A. 1908.1,.2; Riohet, C. R. 

 & Mourrut, - 1880.1; Yung, E. J. 1898.1, 

 1899.1; Langley, J. N. & Sevpall, H. Add. 

 1879.1. 



Investigations by means of glycerin ex- 

 tracts of gastric epithelium. -A-Krukenberg, 

 C.F. 1877.1, 1879.1, Add. 1881.2; Luchau, 

 E. 1877.1, 1878.1. 



Acidity of stomach, nature of acid (.HCI), 

 determination of free acid, etc. Acidity 

 often as high as 1.5 per cent of hydrochloric 

 acid in Scyllium. Demonstrated by Richet, 



Decker, and by Weinland that stomach is 

 sometimes neutral or alkaline. Decker, P. 

 1887.1; Grohmann, A. & Steffen, T. 

 1910.1; Herwerden, M. A. 1908.2; Her- 

 werden, M. A. & Ringer, W. E. 1911.1, .2; 

 •Riohet, C. R. 1878.1, Add. 1878.1; 

 •Weinland, E. 1900.1, 1901.1. 



First recognition of (hydrochloric) nature 

 of acid. Rabuteau, A. P. & PapiUon, F. 

 1873.1. 



Pepsin; first noted by Fick that pepsin of 

 fishes differs from that of warm-blooded ver- 

 tebrates in its ability to effect digestion at 

 much lower temperatures. Variance of 

 opinion in regard to optimum temperature. 

 Consult Fick, A. E. 1873.1; Luchau, E. 

 1877.1, 1878.1; Hoppe-Seyler, F. Add. 

 1877.1; •Rakoczy, A. Add. 1913.1. 



At IS to 15° C, large food said to remain 

 undigested in stomach of rays up to eighteen 

 days. Weinland, E. 1901.1. 



Pepsin of the pike stomach easily de- 

 stroyed by heating in its acid solution. 

 Hammarsten, O. in Zeitschr. Physiol. 

 Chem., 1908, Bd. 56, p. 47. 



Intestinal digestion including the 

 effects of the pancreatic juice, the secretion 

 from the intestinal glands (succus entericus) , 

 and the bile. Normal occurrence of amylase 

 or diastase, lipase or steapsin, and protease 

 or trypsin in the pancreatic juice. Boudouy, 

 T. 1899.1; Homburger, L. 1877.1; 



Knauthe, K. 1898.1,. 2; •Kruger, A. 

 1905.1; Krukenberg, C. F. 1877.1, 1879.1; 

 Luchau, E. 1878.1; Miiller, E. 1901.1; 

 Sellier, J. 1899.1, 1902.1; •Yung, E. J. 

 1898.2,.3, 1914.1; Bernard, C. Add. 

 1856.1. 



Functions of the pyloric appendages or 

 ccBcce. (Said to produce diastatic and trypsin- 

 like enzymes.) Blanohard, R. 1883.1; 

 Boudouy, T. 1897.1; Boudouy, T. 1899.2- 

 1899.5; Mordecai,B.R. 1882.1; Stirling, 

 W. 1884.1, Add. 1884.1. 



DISEASES OF MAN 



For early, ideas concerning the use of fishes 

 in medicine, see under Medicinal properties. 



For related topics, such as Sharks as man- 

 eaters, etc., see under Predatory fishes. 



General. Cleland, J. B. 1912.1. —Beri- 

 beri due to decomposing fish. Daland, J. 

 Add. 1895.1. 



For alleged penetration of the human 

 urethra by the parasitic "Candiru" (Van- 

 dellia), see under Parasitic fishes. 



For attempts to induce human tuberculosis 

 in fishes, see Diseases caused by Bacteria 

 under Pathology. 



Diseases derived through 

 eating fish 



General. Day, F. 1871.3. — On leprosy 

 and fish-eating. Hutchinson, J. Add. 

 1906.1. — Possibility of fish transmitting 

 typhoid or cholera. Remlinger, - & Nouri, 

 O. Add. 1908.1. 



Parasites of the alimentary tract. 



Opisthorchis (Distomum) felineus, para- 

 sitic in gall-bladder and bile duct of man: 



