496 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



GROWTH, AGE, AND SIZE 



References to the development and growth 

 of individual forms will be found under the 

 various families and genera, under the heading 

 Natural History. 



Papers relating to metamorphosis and growth 

 will be found under such families as Anguillidse, 

 Pleuronectidse, and Salmonidae. 



For related subjects, see under such topics 

 as Embryology, Form, etc. 



For the relations between age and reproduc- 

 tion, see Sexual maturity under Reproduction. 



Mode of growth. Henneguy, L. F. 1887.1 ; 

 Packard, A. S. Jr., 1875.1. — Distribu- 

 tion of fortn-building capacities in animal 

 bodies. Przibram, H. 1910.1. — Length- 

 ening process. His, W. Add. 1891.1. 



Relation of weight to length in Mustelus. 

 Heoht, S. 1913.1. 



Relative growth of organs and parts, 

 Mustelus. Kearney, H. L. Add. 1914.1. 



Relative dimensions of adults and young 

 of Alopias vulpes. Vaillant, L. L. 1886.2. 



Correlations of weight and length in the 

 weakfish, Cynoscion regalis. Crozier, W. 

 J. & Heoht, S. Add. 1914.1. 



Miscellaneous and unimportant papers, 

 notices, popular accounts, etc., on age and 

 growth in fishes, age-determination from 

 the point of view of the fish-culturist, etc. 



Text in — English. Aflalo, F. G. 1902.4; 

 Baird, S. F. 1876.21; Meek, S. E. 1900.3. 

 — Norwegian. Dahl, K. 1911.2, 1912.1; 

 Dahl, K., Damas, D. & Sund, O. 1909.1; 

 Grieg, J.. A. 1908.1; Nordgaard, O. 

 1901.1. — Russian. Emeljanenko, P. E. 

 1909.1; Grimm, O. 1901.2,.3, 1904.2; 

 Heide, E. J. 1912.1; Ostroumov, A. A. 

 1910.1-1913.1. —Finnish. Ericoson, B. 

 1905.1. — Swedish. Hederstrom, H. 

 1759.1; Maklin, F. W. 1864.1, 1865.1; 

 Nordqvist, O. F.1907.2, 1909.2; Petersen, 

 C. G. 1892.1. —Dutch. Hoek, P. P. 

 1912.3; Tesoh, J. J. 1910.1, 1913.1. — 

 Italian. Mazzarelli, G. F. 1904.1; Supino, 



F. 1910.1. —Danish. Otterstrom, A. N. 

 1906.1. — Japanese. Watanabe, M. 

 1913.1. 



Text in German. Apstein, C. 1900.1, 

 1909.1; Bartels, F. 1910.2; Braun, M. 



G. 1893.1; Cronheim, W. 1908.1; Liicke 

 Fr. 1911.1; Milewski, A. 1912.4; Popta, 

 CM. 1907.2; Reeker, H. 1909.1; Reuss, 

 H. 1908.1, .2; Stieda, L. 1871.2. 



METHODS IN DETERMINATION 

 of age and growth 



For a short historical resume in English 

 of the development in Europe of all the 

 methods in the determination of growth 

 and age, with the chief literature, see 

 •Dahl, K. 1909.1. 



Older methods 



Professor Sars attempted to begin with the 

 newly hatched fry of the cod, measuring 

 their growth and observing it year after 

 year. Sars, G. O. 1865.1 et seq. 



Similar observations on herring were 

 made by Meyer, H. A. 1878.1, .2. 



RATE OF GROWTH 



A great stimulus to studies on age and 

 growth was given by the work of Peter- 

 sen. His method consisted chiefly in the 

 mensuration of large numbers of immature 

 fishes of all sizes to determine the limits 

 of the various series or generations — 

 the median point (or average) between 

 the extreme limits of the series being 

 taken as the mean of a " group-series " 

 or annual "size-unit" or "year-class." 

 By a study of these group-series, it was 

 expected to determine the full growth- 

 rate of a given species. Experience, 

 however, has shown that, as a rule, only 

 the first 2-3 year classes are recognizable. 



Original statement of this method. Peter- 

 sen, C. G. 1891.2, 1895.2. 



Following this method, with slight modifi- 

 cations, observations chiefly on the rate of 

 growth have been made as follows. — 

 Flounder, plaice, dab, sole, turbot, whiting, 

 poor cod, and pilchard. Cunningham, J. 

 T. 1891.9,. 11, 1892.2,.3. —Plaice. Dan- 

 nevig H. C. 1899.1; Johnstone, J. 1908.2, 

 1910.4, 1912,4, Add. 1912.1, 1914.2; Kyle, 

 H.M. 1905.2, 1907.1. —Gurnard. Fulton 

 T. W. 1899.1. — Cod, haddock, whiting 

 and Norway pout. Fulton, T. W. 1901.3. 

 — Plaice, dab, whiting and haddock. 

 •Fulton, T. W. 1902.3, 1904.5. —Her- 

 ring. Masterman, A. T. 1895.3. — Cy- 

 clopterus, Cottus, Agonus and Liparis. 

 Tosh, J. R. 1894.1. 



Unclassified. Fulton, T. W. 1893.2; 

 Williamson, H. C. 1893.1. — Descrip- 

 tion of a fish-measuring board. Riddell, W. 

 1914.1, 1915.1. 



Recent methods in age determination 



In 1899 Reibisch showed that the otoliths 

 of plaice exhibit a periodic growth corre- 

 sponding to summer and winter and are 

 thus available for age determination. 

 Reibisch, J. 1899.1. 



About the same time, Hoffbauer demon- 

 strated that the annual rings in the scales 

 of the carp provided an indication of the 

 age. Hoffbauer, C. 1898.1 e( seg. 



Since then numerous parts have proven 

 available. " The choice of the organ for 

 age determination may now be considered 

 as being a question of an entirely prac- 

 tical kind, a question to be answered for 

 each species. We employ the organ 

 which most easily and cheaply can be 

 procured. Some investigators have used 

 the otoliths. Others have employed cer- 

 tain bones, as gill-covers, scapulie, verte- 

 brae, or neural processes. Others again 

 have preferred to use the scales." Dahl. 



A comprehensive dissertation in German 

 on otolith structure with regard to age de- 

 termination is •Fryd, C. 1901.1. 



For a comprehensive treatise in English 

 on age determination as based on scale 

 studies, see •Taylor, H. F. 1916.1. 



For an excellent popular paper on the 

 relation, of scale structure to growth in the 

 Atlantic salmon, the meaning of the " spawn- 

 ing mark " on the scales, etc., see •Hutton, 

 J. A. Add. 1909.1. 



