SUBJECT INDEX — MORPHOLOGICAL SECTION 



497 



ANGUILI.A tCommoncon 

 As carlu as 1S7S, Baudclol sxiggested 

 that the concentric zones in the scales of the 

 common eel corresponded to periods of 

 growth. Baudelot, E. 1873.4. 



Other papers relating to the strticiure 

 of the scales in regard to the determination 

 of age in the eel. Ehrenbaum, E. & Maru- 

 kawa, H. 1913.1; Gemzoe, K. J. 1907.1; 

 Schneider, G. 1909.S; Haempel, O. Add. 

 1914.2. 



CLUPEIDiE 



" ^'ertebrse as well as otoliths, also 

 operoula and other flat bones are good, 

 but none of these give so sure results as 

 the scales." Dahl. 



Otoliths used in analysis of age of her- 

 ring. •Jenkins, J. T. 1902.1. — Both 

 scales and otoliths used comparatively. 

 Broeh, H. 1907.1-1908.2. 



Various papers on the determination of 

 age and growth, chiefly by the study of the 

 scales, in the herring {Clupea harengus) 

 with a few on the sprat (C sprattus) 

 Bounhiol, J. P. 1912.1; •Dahl, K 



1907.2, 1909.3; Fulton, T. W. 1906.1 

 Schneider, G. 1908.2, 1909.9; Storrow, 

 B. 1914.1, 1915.1; Sund, O. 1909.1 

 Thompson, D. W. 1911.2, 1914.3; Dels- 

 man, H. C. Add. 1914.1,.2; Hensen, V 

 Add. 19i4.1. — Caspian herring {Clu- 

 peonella). Nedozhivin, A. & Tichij, M. 

 1913.1. 



The Norwegian investigators have greatly 

 developed the application of " scale read- 

 ings " based chiefly on the herring. They 

 believe the scale studies indicate not only 

 the age but the size at different years and 

 the conditions of existence during those 

 years. For the methods employed, see Lea, 

 E. 1911.1, 1913.1. For a discussion of 

 these methods, noting " the phenomenon 

 of apparent change in growth rate," see 

 Lee, R. M. 1912.2, Add. 1913.1. 



For an elaborate monograph summarising 

 all the data on scale reading in the herring, 

 see Molander, — . in TJr. Svenska Hydro- 

 graphisk-Biologiska Kommissions Skrifter 

 for 1917. 



GADIDiE 



" The scales as a rule are far superior 

 to any other organ taken from the osseous 

 system." 



The following papers on growth and age 

 determination relate chiefly to the cod 

 (Gadus morrhua) and the pollack (G, 

 pollachius). Carr, A. M. 1909.1; Cun- 

 ningham, J. T. 1905.1; Dahl, K. 1906.4 

 •Damas, D. 1909.1; Hjort, J. 1908.2 

 Lee, R. M. (^Haddock) 1912.2; Maier, 

 H. N. 1906.1; Redeke, H. C. 1909.1 

 •Thomson, J. S. 1902.1, 1904.1, 1904.2 

 Winge, O. 1915.1. 



Contrary to the almost universal opinion that 

 the scales of fishes increase in size by annual 

 growth rings, Brown (Alfred W. 1903.1) believes 

 that in the cod, haddock, and whiting, the 

 scales are annually shed after spawning until 

 the age-hmit of spawning is reached wheri no 

 further shedding takes place. 



PLEURONECTIDjE 



AnioiiK flatfishes, the plaice (Pleuro- 

 ncetes pl(ile.-<.-<ii) has boon the chief subject 

 of studj-. The structure of the otoliths, 

 at least in younger fishes, provides a re- 

 liable index of age. 



" As regards older fish the otoliths be- 

 come too little transparent and the annual 

 rings too close for an absolutely safe 

 reading. In these cases the broad flat 

 bones of the head and shoulder girdle 

 are good subjects and give safer results." 

 Dahl. 



Otoliths first studied as indicators of age 

 and growth. Reibisch, J. 1899.1. 



Other papers on age and growth in plaice 

 based on study of otoliths, bones, etc. 

 Atkinson, G. T. 1908.1; Carr, A. M. 

 (Dab) 1909.1 ; Cunningham, J. T. 1905.1 ; 

 •Heincke, F. 1906.1; Heincke, F. & 

 Henkiug, H. 1908.1; •Immermann, F. 

 1908.1; Johansen, A. C. 1905.1 (i), 

 1909.1, 1910.1, 1912.1; McMurrich, J. 

 P. 1914.1; Maier, H. N. 1906.1; Meek, 

 A. 1903.1, 1905.1; Petersen, C. G. 1903.1; 

 •Wallace, W. 1905.1-1911.1. 



VARIOUS FISHES 

 Papers on the determination of age and 

 growth by recent methods have appeared as 

 follows. — Salmo hucho. Haempel, O. 

 1910.1; Salomon, K. 1908.1. —Smelt 

 (Osmerus). Masterman, A. T. 1913.2. 



— Mackerel (Scomber). Nilsson, D. 1914.1. 



— Anchovy (Engraulis). Redeke, H. C. 



1914.1. — Coregonus albula. Seligo, A. 



1908.2. — Cynoscion regalis and Or- 

 thopristis chrysoptcrus. •Taylor, H. F. 



1916.1. Carp. AValter, E. 1901.1. 



For additional references to scale studies 

 on salmon, see below "Growth'' under 

 both Atlantic and Pacific salmons under 

 Salmonidoe. 



LONGEVITY 

 Age attained by fishes 



Records of ages attained by fishes. In 

 some cases, the records are of fishes kept 

 in aquaria; in others known individuals 

 have been under observation in the ponds 

 of European monasteries or marked 

 specimens are alleged to have been taken 

 from the moats of feudal castles. 



Such records are as follows. — Carp 

 (375 yrs.). Baird, S. F. 1872.9; Mehwald, 



— 1873.1. —Carp (38 yrs.). Noll, F. C. 



1879.2, 1882.1. —Carp (300 yrs.). 

 Suffield, R. R. 1874.1. 



Pike (S67 yrs.). Baldinger, E. G. 

 1802.1. — Loach (260 yrs.). Botticher, 

 W. 1902.1. —Goldfish' (30 yrs.). Essing, 

 L. 1898.1. —Trout (19 yrs.). Harvie- 

 Brown, J. 1898.1. —Sea bass (SI yrs.). 

 Towrisend, C. H. Add. 1913.5. 



Miscellaneous items on longevity in 



— Carp. Falke, W. 1874.1. — Pop. art. 

 in French. Oustalet, E. 1900.1. —Trout. 

 Stone, L. 1872.5. —Goldfish. Riepe, E. 

 Add. 1906.1. 



SIZE ATTAINED 

 Popular article, " Some giant fishes of 

 the sea." Smith, H. M. 1909.4. 



