498 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



Growth — Cont'd. 



Largest and smallest of known fishes. 

 Lonnberg, A. J. 1902.10; Henn, A. W. 

 Add. 1912.1. 



A minute goby (Mistichthys luzonensis) 

 from the Philippines, of which egg-hearing, 

 mature females only twelve mm. long have 

 been taken, is the smallest known verte- 

 brate. Smith, H. M. 1902.6,.8,.11,.13, 

 1903.3. Figured in 1902.8. 



The whale shark (Rhineodon typus), of 

 which specimens forty-five feet in length 

 have been captured, is the largest recent fish. 

 Gudger, E. W. 1915.1; Regan, C. T. 

 Add. 1913.1. 



Largest deep sea fish, Macrias amissus, 

 is five feet in length. Gill, T. N. & Town- 

 send, 0. H. 1901.1. 



Miscellanea. — Environmental condi- 

 tions determining size. Chudeau, R. 1898.1. 

 Dwarf races of Coregonus. Klunzinger, C. 

 B. 1900.1. — Dwarfed forms among Swedish 

 fishes. Lonnberg, A. J. 1902.8. — 

 Dwarfed muskalonge. Sterling, E. 1877.1. 



— Relation of size to saline content of sea. 

 Anon. 497. — Absolute and relative weights 

 of viscera. Bellingeri, C. F. Add. 1849.1. 



— The maximum size of fishes and its causes. 

 Prince, E. E. Add. 1904.2. 



RECORDS OF SIZE 



Unquestionably numerous additional records 

 of large size of fishes will be disclosed by search 

 through the literature. The following references 

 are for the most part those which indicate by 

 their titles that they refer to large specimens. 



Large specimens recorded as follows 



ELASMOBRANCHII 



Carcharias. Bennett, G. 1859.1. — 

 Sphyrna {12.5 ft.). Gudger, E. W. 1907.1; 

 Welsh, W. W. 1916.1. — Pristis {16 ft.). 

 Shields, S. A. 1879.1. 



A weight of JfiOO pounds for a specimen 

 of Carcharodon carcharodon, taken in the 

 Mediterranean, is given by Bonaparte, 0. 

 L. 1839.1. . 



Speculations on the probable length of 

 the largest of all fishes, the shark Car- 

 charodon m,egalodon, knowrff only from 

 fossil teeth. Bowerbank, J. S. 1852.1; 

 Dean, B. 1909.1; Hussakof, L. 1912.2. 



GANOIDEI 

 Polyodon. Hussakof. L. 1911.3. 

 Lepidosteus tristwchus. Shufeldt, R. 



W. 1903.9. 



See also C. H. Townsend, " Giant Gars 



from Louisiana " in Bull. N. Y. Zool. Soo. 



1920, vol. 23, pp. 119-120. 



TELEOSTEI 



Large specimens of the carp. Chion, — 

 1838.1; Garman, S. 1889.2; Grube, A. 

 E. 1866.1; Hafeli, - 1802.1; • Lavenier, - 

 1895.1; Mackrill, A. 1884.1. 



Large specimens of the cod. Baird, S. F. 

 1872.18; Lonnberg, A. J. 1907.4; Smith, 

 Everett, 1883.1. 



Large specimens of the pike {Bsox). 

 Baird, S. F. 1872.1, 1875.21; Gurney, J. 

 H. {46 in. long) 1875.1; Hintze, A. 1897.1; 

 Jardine, A. Add. 1898.1. — Probable weight 



of seventy-two lbs. for the giant pike of Loch 

 Ken of Scotland. Regan, C. T. 1911.9. 



Large specimens recorded as follows: 

 — Epinephelus. Aloock, A. W. 1905.1. 



— Stereolepis. Boulenger, . G. A. 1897.9. 

 —Eel. Cornish, T. 1872.4; Anon. 363 

 {S6 lbs.). — Halibut {Hippoglossus) . G., 

 N. 1877.1. —Thymallus. Hintze, A. 

 1893.2. — Gasterosteus {8S mm.). Le- 

 vander, K. M. 1900.2. —Lota. Nord- 

 qvist, O. F. 1904.4. — Trout. Pellegrin, 

 J. 1900.9. — Bluefish {Pomatomus). 

 Smith, H. M. 1903.1. —Brook trout. 

 Sterling, E. 1875.1. —Conger {S3 lbs.). 

 Sweetapple, E. 1869.1. — Bream {Abra- 

 mis) {15 lbs.). Zur Miihlen, M. 1911.2. 



Large specimens of the "Mahaseer" 

 {Barbus mosal), of mouniain streams of 

 India and Ceylon. Kinnear, N. B. 1910.1; 

 Murray-Aynsley, C. E. 1910.1; Wal- 

 lenger, W. A. 1908.1; WiUey, A. 1903.1; 

 Skene Dhu Add. 1906.1. 



Records of large specimens of the ocean 

 sunfish, Orthagoriscus mola. Mikhailovskii, 

 M. M. 1903.1; Nardo, G. D. 1841.1; 

 Stearns, R. E. 1867.1; Dean, B. Add. 

 1913.2. 



A table comprising the if " World's 

 record catches with rod and reel and other- 

 wise of 50 North American popular fresh 

 and salt water fishes " has been compiled 

 recently by. J. T. Nichols and Van Campen 

 Heilner, and published in Field and 

 Stream, July, 1920, pp. 268-269. 



Smallest specimens on record 



Of various fishes, whose deeelopmental 

 history is not knovm, the smallest known 

 specimens have been recorded as follows : 



— Polyodon. Barbour, T. 1911.1; Dan- 

 forth,C. H. 1911.1. —Remora. Daldorf, 



D. C. Add. 1793.1. 



GUSTATORY ORGANS 



For the functions of these organs, see Taste. 



Anatomy in — ■ Cyprinus. Beneden, P. 

 J. 1835.1; Fohmann, V. 1835.2; Weber, 



E. H. 1827.7. — Teleostei. Jourdan, E. 



1881.1. — Elasmobranchii. Nardo, G. D. 



1846.2, 1851.1; Todaro, F. 1872.1, 1873.1, 

 Add. 1873.1. 



Miscellaneous and general. DumSril, A. 

 M. 1858.1; Herrick, C.J. 1904.1; Schulze, 



F. E. 1868.1. 



Taste buds. Structure, origin, nerve 

 terminations in, etc. Dogiel, A. S. {Ga- 

 noidei) 1897.1; Johnston, J. B. 1909.2; 

 Lenhoss^k, M. 1892.2. 



Structure and distribution of taste buds 

 in — Cottus. Maehrenthal, F. C. 1892.1. 



— Petromyzon. Retzius, M. G. 1893.4. ' 



— In mouth, Lophius. Guitel, F. 1891.2, .5. 



— In skin of head and barbels of Ameiurus 

 and hake. Herrick, C. J. 1903.2; Land- 

 acre, F. L. 1907.1. 



HABITS OP FISHES 



For the breeding habits of fishes comprising 

 courtship, _ spawning behavior, parental care, 

 nest-building, oral gestation, viviparity, etc., 

 see under Reproduction. 



