500 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



Habits — Cont'd. 



. Burrowing habits 



Rissola marginata. Gill, T. N. 1905.9; 

 Gudger, E. W. 1905.3. —The '•Bora 

 Chung," Bootan, India. Pearson, J. T. 

 1840.1; Campbell, A. Add. 1842.1. — 

 Zeugopterus. Richardson, J. 1860.2. 

 — Astroscopus. Dahlgren, U. Add. 



1914.3. 



See also in this connection the sections on 

 Aestivation and on Hibernation. 



Fighting habits of Betta pugnax 



Boulenger, G. A. 1904.7; Cantor, 

 T. E. 1849.1. 



For a late account, see F. H. Stone in 

 Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, 1914, 

 vol. 22, pp. 632-633. 



Other accounts will probably be found 

 under Betta in the section Aquarium 

 Fishes. 



Habits of Inflation 



Tetrodon. Jackson, J. B. S. 1848.1; 

 S0rensen, W. E. 1883.1. — Diodon. 

 Pycratt, W. 1903.1. 



For a general account (with illustrations) 

 of this habit among Gymnodontes, see E. W. 

 Gudger in Bull. N. Y. Zool. Soc. 1919, 

 vol. 22, pp. 126-131. 



Cephaloscyllium. Jordan, D. S. & Gil- 

 bert, C. H. 1880.36. 



Water-throwing habits of the ■ 

 archer-fish, Toxotes 



Brehm, A. E. 1883.1; •Gill, T. N. 

 1909.2; Hommel, - 1777.1; Schlosser, 

 J. A. 1764.1, 1777.1; •Zolotniskii, N. F. 

 1902.1, .2; Beccari, O. Add. 1904.1; 



D'Argenville, A. J. Add. 1767.1; Jacobs, 

 T. J. Add. 1884.1. 



^^ For additional accounts, see P. Nitsche 

 " Der Schiitzenfische {Toxotes jaculator) " 

 Natur u. Haus, 1899, vol. 8, 22-25; and 

 Lampert, K. Idem., 1899, vol. 8, 43-44. 



Disbelief of alleged archer-feats; Chel- 

 mon rostratus considered true archer-Ush. 

 •Day, F. 1881.4. 



Similar water-throwing habit in other 

 fishes. Townsend, C. H. Add. 1909.1. 



HEAD 



For the structure and relationships of the 

 mouth, see Oral cavity under Alimentary Canal. 



Jj or the musculature of the head, see Cranial 

 and visceral muscles under Myology. 



For the external open sac of the olfactory 

 organ, see Nares utider Olfactory organs. 



For the bony framework of the head, see 

 Skull. 



For an outstanding treatise on the mor- 

 phology and develoiment of the head, see 

 •Locy.W. A. 1895.1. 



Embryology and development 



General papers. •Avers, H. 1891 1- 

 Froriep, A. 1902.2; His, W. 1894.2- 



•Kupffer, C. W. 1893.3, 1896.1; Minot, 

 C. S. 1897.1. 



Development of the head in Cyclosto- 

 mata. — Petromyzon. *Koltzoff, N. K 

 1902.1; Kupffer, C. W. 1893.1 (ii, iii) 

 — - Bdellostoma. Kupffer, C. W. 1899.2. 



Development in Selaeldi. •Froriep, A. 

 1901.1; Hoffmaij, C. K. 1894.1. 



Development of the head in — Neocera- 

 todus. •Greil, A. 1908.1, 1913.1 — Aci- 

 penser. •Kupffer, C. W. 1891.2, 1893.1 

 (i); —Gobius. Pollard, H. B. 1894.2. 



"Cirrhostomial" origin of the head. 

 Pollard, H. B. 1894.1, 1895.1; — Phylo- 

 genetic origin. Ziegler, H. E. 1908.2. 



Metamerism of head 



Most of the references given below 

 under Morphology include also Meta- 

 merism. In this connection, see also 

 Embryo formation and Medullary tube 

 under Embryology. 



General researches on metamerism of the 

 head. Dohrn, F. A. 1890.1; •Hatschek, 

 B. 1906.1, 1909.1, 1910.1; HUl, C. 1899.1, 

 Add. 1900.1; Locy, W. A. 1897.1; Neal, 

 H.V. 1898.1; Rabl.C. 1892.2; •Sever- 

 tzov, A. N. 1895.1; Wijhe, J. W. 1886.2; 

 Kingsley, J. S. Add. 1896.1. 



Metamerism of the head from the stand- 

 point of the nervous system. Hawkes, O. A. 

 1905.2; •Johnston, J. B. 1905.3; Neal, 

 H. V. 1898.2; Stockard, C. R. 1908.1. 



Metamerism of the head in Cyclosto- 

 mata {Petromyzon). Kolikov, N. K. 

 1901.1, Add. 1899.1; Koltzoff, N. K. 

 1899.1; Neal, H. V. 1915.3. 



Metamerism in Selachii. •Brohmer, 

 P. 1909.1; •Dohrn, F. A. 1882.2 (xv, 

 xviii, xxi, xxii) ; Killian, G. 1891.1; 



•Severtzov, A. N. 1898.1, .2, 1899.2; 

 Locy, W. A. Add. 1895.1; Matveev, B. 

 Add. 1914.1. 



Morphology of head 



Miscellaneous and general papers on the 

 morphology of the head of vertebrates in- 

 cluding fishes. Ayers, H. 1890.1; Chaine, 

 J. 1905.1; Froriep, A. 1902.1; Hilgard, 

 T. C. 1857.1; Marshall, A. M, 1879.1; 

 Neal, H. V. 1898.1 ; Norris, H. W. 1891.1 ; 

 MacMurrich, J. P. Add. 1884. 1. 



Morphology of the head of various fishes. 



— Scomber. Allis, E.P. 1903.4. — Embryo 

 of Chlamydoselachus. Brohmer, P. 1909.1. 



— Dipnoi. Furbringer, K. 1904.3. — 

 Pristis and Pristiophorus. Hoffmann, L. 

 1912.1. — Amphioxus. AVijhe, J. AV. 

 1901.1. — Acanthias, Piatt, J. B. 1891.1, .2. 



— Macruridm. PfuUer, A. 1914.1. 

 Anterior head cai'ities; structure and 



development, chiefly in Selachii. Boeke, J. 

 1903.1; Marshall, A. M. 1881.1; Piatt, 

 J. B. 1890.1; Reighard, J. E. 1901.1. 



— Chlamydoselachus and Spinax. Broh- 

 mer, P. 1909.1. 



For the development of the head meso- 

 blast, see under Mesoderm in section on 

 Embryology. 



Snout of fishes. Pereyaslavtzeva, S. 

 1876.1. — Occipital region of Trutta. Will- 

 cox, M. A. 1899.1. —Pace of fishes, com- 

 parative anatomy. •Winther, G. P. 1875.2, 

 1877.1. 



Structure and biological significance of 

 the " saw " of Pristis and Pristiophorus. 

 Kolliker, R. 1860.5; Pappenheim, P. 

 1905.5. 



