SUBJECT INDKX — MORPHOLOGICAL SECTION 



501 



For Frontal gibbosity, a swelling or pro- 

 tuberance on the heads of certain male fishes, 

 see under Sexual dimorphism. 



HEARING AND THE STATIC SENSE 



Comprisins the functions of the mem- 

 branous labyrinth or ear. 



For the morphology of the membranous laby- 

 rinth, see under Auditory organs. 



For a complete resume of the literature on 

 hearing and the static sense in fishes, see 

 •Mangold, E. Add. 1912.1. 



HEARING 

 Or the sense of audition 



It has not yet been conclusively demon- 

 strated that all fishes react to sound-waves. 



Kr^dl noted no reactions in goldfishes from 

 vibrating rods held both in air and water, ex- 

 cept when the fishes had been made more sen- 

 sitive by strychnine and then the reactions took 

 place even with the ear removed. It has, how- 

 ever, since been objected by Bigelow that the 

 entire ear was not removed. 



Parker (1904.2) , experimenting with Fundulus 

 and using the sustained slow vibrations of a 

 bass \'iol string, observed reactions (fin move- 

 taents) in only 18 per cent of fishes when the 

 auditory nerves were cut, but in 94 per cent 

 when the ears were intact and the skin insensi- 

 tized. He thus definitely concluded that fishes 

 react to sound waves. 



Zenneck working with Alburnus and Leu- 

 ciscus concluded that fishes do hear, ■ He used an 

 electric bell under water and noted activity 

 when the bell was rung and sound-waves pro- 

 duced but inactivity when a piece of leather 

 placed under the clapper of the bell inhibited 

 the sound waves and produced mechanical 

 vibrations instead. Bernoulli, repeating these 

 experiments with eels and trout, obtained only 

 negative results. 



Hearing in fishes considered im,possible 

 on grounds of brain structure. Edinger, L. 

 1908.2. 



■ Researches on detached heads of pike; on 

 receiving stimulus of sounds through water, 

 the otolith organ shows an increase of electro- 

 negativity indicating momentarily active 

 condition of the nerve and accepted as show- 

 ing possibility of hearing. •Piper, H. 

 Add. 1906.1, 1911.1. 



Evolution of hearing in vertebrates. Wil- 

 lem,.V. Add. 1913.1. 



Investigations of a technical or scien- 

 tific nature on the sense of hearing in fishes. 

 Bernoulli, A. L. 1910.1; Bigelow, H. B. 

 1904.1; Haempel, O. 1911.1; •Komer, 

 O. 1905.1; •Kreidl, A. 1895.1, Add. 

 1896.1;- Lafite-Dupont, J. 1907.1; Lee, 

 F. S. 1898.1; Maier, H. N. 1909.1; 

 Marage, - 1906.1; Nollet, - 1813.1; 

 •Parker, G. H. 1903.3, 1904.2, 1909.3; 

 1910.4; Zenneck, J, 1903.1, 1904.1. 



Hearing in the, blind cave-fish, Ambly- 

 opsis. Eigenmann, C. & Yoder, A. 1899.1; 

 Payne, F. 1909.1. 



Effects of explosive sounds. Parker, G. 

 H. 1913.1; Zur Miihlen, M. 1911.26. 



Sound as a directing influence in move- 

 ments. Parker, G. H. 1910.2, 1912.2. 



Movements of eye determined by hearing. 

 Kubo, I. Add. 1906.1. 



Observations, including anecdotes, mis- 

 cellaneous notes, records, etc., recording the 



hdief of their writers that fishes possess the 

 ability to hear. 



Te.i-t in English. Baker, A. F. 1876.1; 

 •Bateson, "W. 18S9.1; Bell, J. C. 1904.1; 

 Clapham, T. 187M.1; Lor'kington, W. N. 

 1S79.3; Mackintosh, H. W. 1876.1; 



Redding, B. B. 1879.5. 



Text in German. Beer, T. 1896.1; 

 Blochmann, F. 1903.1; Briining, C. 



1906.1; Lang, A. 1902.1; Lenz, B. 1906.1; 

 Piper, H. 1906.1; Plehn, M. 1905.2; 

 Recker, H. l.S9,s.l; Roth, W. 1910.1; 

 Simroth, H. R. 1S97.1; .Sprenger, W. 

 1900.5; Zacharias, E. O. 1906.1; Anon. 

 553; Hensen, V. Add. 1904.1; Meyer, 

 M. Add. 1909.1; Reinhart, H. Add. 

 1913.1. 



Texts in other languages. — Dutch. 

 Raster, J. 1762.2. — 'Italian. Duceeschi, 

 V. 1903.1. —French. Geoffroy-Saint- 

 Hilaire, E. 1824. 3, .10. — Hungarian. 

 Gorka, S. 1906.1. —Swedish. Iverus, I. 

 E. 1899.1. — Norwegian. Millers, H. T. 

 1865.1. —Spanish. Rivera, E. 1905.1. 

 — Latin. Camper, P. Add. 1763.1. 



Early references, in Pre-Linn. section. 

 Arderon, W. 1750.1; Brockelsby, R. 

 1750.1; Camper, P. 1756.1; Denso, J. 

 D. 1756.1; •Klein, J. T. 1740.1-1747.1; 

 Maurer, F. 1713.1; •Nollet, J. A. 1746.1; 

 Seger, G. 1688.1. ' 



STATIC SENSE 

 Or maintenance of equilibrium 



Including the perception of progressive 

 movements and of position in space. 



For Hydrostatic equilibrium, see under 

 Air bladder. 



For a related subject, see Locomotion. 



The functions of the lateral line oigans are 

 intimately related to the general subject of hear- 

 ing. For references, see under Lateral line 

 system. 



For a complete review of the literature on 

 the static sense, see •Mangold, E. Add. 

 1912.1. 



Breuer's theory of semicircular canals and 

 otoliths as organs for sensations of accelera- 

 tion of movement or for sense of rotation. 

 •Breuer, J. 1874.1, 1890.1. 



Researches on the maintenance of equi- 

 librium, the functions of the semicircular 

 canals, and otoliths, etc., through the de- 

 struction or excision of the membranous 

 labyrinth on either one or both sides, tran- 

 section of the auditory nerves, etc. Ayers, H. 

 1894.1; •Bethe, A. 1894.1, 1899.1; 



Carazzi, D. 1898.1; Cyon, E. 1878.1, 

 1900.1; Ewald, W. F. 1907.1; Frohlich, 

 A. 1904.1; Gaglio, G. 1902.1; Lafite- 

 Dupont, .J. 1905.1; •Lee, F. S. 1894.1, 

 1898.1; Monoyer, F. 1866.1, .2; Parker, 

 G. H. 1910.1; Quix, F. H. 1903.1, .12; 

 •Sewall, H. 1882.1, 1884.1; Steiner, J. 

 1886.3, 1888.1; Chabry, L. M. Add. 

 1884.1; Kreidl, A. Add. 1892.1; Kubo, 

 I. Add. 1906.1; Loeb, J. Add. 1891.2. 



For effects of extirpation of canals and 

 otoliths in the asymmetrical flounder, un- 

 favorable to otolith hypothesis, see Lyon, E. 

 P. in Amer. Journ. Physiol., 1899, vol. iii, 

 pp. 98-104. 



