SUBJECT INDEX — MORPHOLOGICAL SECTION 



503 



For the influence of poisons on the heart 

 action, see Drugs, alkaloids, etc., under 

 Physiology. 



For methods of recording the action of the 

 heart by electro-cardiogfaphy, see Technique 

 and methods. 



PARTS OF HEART 



Chambers of the heart of fishes. 



Bulbus arteriosus, anatomy and physi- 

 ology. Cariet, G. 1876.1; Favaro, G. 

 1911.1; Gegenbaur, 0. 1865.2, 1866.2. 



Conns arteriosus, anatomy and morphol- 

 ogy in — Butirinus. Boas, J. E. 1879.1. 

 — General. Favaro, G. 1911.1; Gegen- 

 baur, C. 1891.1. — Ceratodus and Proto- 

 pterus. Lankester, E. R. 1879.1. — Mega- 

 lops. Senior, H. D. 1907.1, .2,.3. —Se- 

 lachii, Chimaeroids and Ganoids. Stohr, P. 

 A. 1876.1, 1877.1. 



Sinv^ venosus, development and physiol- 

 ogy. ■ — Pulsation i?!. Anguilla. Delchef, 

 J. 1905.1. — Development of walls. Lafite- 

 Dupont, J. 1910.1. 



Truncus arteriosus. Development. GreU, 

 A. 1903.1. 



Ventricle, structure of. Eathke, M. H. 

 1826.2,.3. 



Pericardium, or pericardial sac. — 

 Help in formation of "diaphragm." Ber- 

 telli, D. 1898.1. — Pericardial communi- 

 cation with peritoneum in Elasmobranchii. 

 Delaroche, F. E. 1808.1. 



Valves, structure, development, and ac- 

 tion. Favaro, G. 1911.2; Pettigrew, J. B. 

 1866.1. 



HERMAPHRODITISM 



The following summary accurately represents 

 the existing state of knowledge with regard to 

 hermaphroditism in fishes. There is no com- 

 prehensive treatise on this subject known to 

 us and no other account contains more informa- 

 tion than the present. 



For the normal structure of the reproductive 

 organs, see under Urinogenital system. 



The occurrence of hermaphrodite genital 

 glands in fishes (especially in the Teleostei) 

 is widespread. 



An illuminative summary of hermaphro- 

 ditism in fishes, is *Howes, G. B. 1891.1. 



Other general accounts, with collations of 

 records are Gemmill, J. F. 1912.1; Syrski, 

 S. 1876.2; •Weber, M. 1884.1. 



Discussions of phylogenetic derivation of 

 hermaphroditism. Howes, G. B. 1891.1; 

 Masterman, A. T. 1895.2. 



Miscellaneous or unclassified papers on 

 hermaphroditism. Cori, C. J. 1906.2; 

 Hoek, P. P. 1890.5, 1891.1; Lonnberg, 

 A. J. 1897.1; Martens, E. 1879.2; Starcke, 

 J. H. Pre-Linn. 1700.1. 



Petromyzon, Anguilla, and Conger, 

 thought to be hermaphroditic and self-fer- 

 tilizing. Home, E. 1823.1. 



While there are intergradations, the 

 following two subdivisions may be main- 

 tained, namely Functional, and Terato- 

 logical hermaphroditism. 



Functional Hermaphroditism 



Being normal in the forms mentioned, 

 in that the functional production of both 

 ova and spermatozoa takes place. It 

 seems to be now generally accepted that 

 in these forms, hermaphroditism is the 

 regular mode of reproduction. 



CYCLOSTOMATA 



"Myxine glutinosa is a protandric her- 

 maphrodite [anterior end of gonad (ovotestis) 

 being male, and posterior, female]. Up to a 

 •body-length of about S2 or S3 centimeters, 

 it is a male, after that time it produces ova." 

 Nansen,F.. 1887.1 (p. 29). 



Cunningham concluded that young "fe- 

 males are nearly, but not quite always her- 

 maphrodite, and that the testicular portion 

 normally disappears as the eggs become 

 more mature." Cunningham, J. T. 1887.4 

 (p. 73). 



These conclusions were questioned and 

 differently interpreted by Dean, B. 1899.6 

 (p. 227). 



The subject has been reviewed and the 

 original conclusions of Nansen maintained, 

 by *Schreiner, K. E. 1904.2. 



Although denying protandric herma- 

 phroditism. Cole says, " every adult Myxine 

 is hermaphrodite, but either predominantly 

 male or female . . . [having] either a 

 mature testis and a rudimentary ovary, or 

 a mature ovary and a rudimentary testis." 

 Cole, F.J. 1905.2 (p. 824). 



Similar conditions in the brook lamprey 

 (Lampetra) are reported by Okkelberg, P. 

 1914.1, who states "a juvenile herma- 

 phroditic condition occurs normally" and 

 that "all the hermaphrodites develop into 

 males." 



Of forty-nine larval forms of Petromyzon 

 examined, one-fourth showed hermaphroditic 

 characters, according to Lubosch, W. 

 1903.1. 



The occurrence of a characteristic ovum 

 among the spermatozoa in the testis of 

 lampreys (Petromyzon), has been inde- 

 pendently noted by Beard, J. 1893.1, and 

 Ward, R. H. 1897.1. 



J. L. Conel (Journ. Morph. 1917, vol. 

 29, p. 133) after studying the urinogenital 

 system believes it " impossible that Myxine 

 can be a protandric hermaphrodite." 



TELEOSTEI 



Serranus cabrilla, S. hepatus, and S. 

 scriba, described as being functionally 

 hermaphroditic, and self-fertilising through 

 the simultaneous expulsion of ova and 

 sperm. Dufoss§, A. 1854.1. These (ana- 

 tomical) observations seem to be corroborated 

 62/ Brock, J. 1878.1 (p. 568). 



In Chrysophrys auratus (Sparidce), .in- 

 variably hermaphroditic, the male and fe- 

 male genital products ripen alternately. 

 Brock, J. 1878.1. 



Protandrous hermaphroditism suggested 

 for the cyprinid, Scardinius erythroph- 

 thalmus. Stfephan, P. 1901.1. —Com- 

 ment on this. Roule, L. 1902.3. 



