504 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



Hermaphroditism — Cont'd. 



Teratological Hermaphroditism 



In these forms, hermaphroditism is 

 only occasionally met with and is thus an 

 abnormal or teratological condition. 



As contrasted with conditions in other 

 groups of vertebrates where "the domi- 

 nant condition is that of replacement of 

 one of the two testes in an ovary, or vice 

 versa, in the Teleostei it is that of dif- 

 ferentiation of the same gland into or- 

 ganically continuous ovary and testis." 

 Howes. 



Recorded instances of hermaphro- 

 ditism, in the fishes listed below. 



In general, the literature is limited to 

 anatomical descriptions. Actual expul- 

 sion of both sperm and ova from the, same 

 individual has to our knowledge not been 

 observed, although it doubtless occurs. 



A few older records additional to these 

 will be found in -A-Weber, M. 1884.1. 



CEPHALOCHORDATA 

 Of twenty-five gonads on the left side of 

 an Amphioxus, one is an ovary and all 

 others are testes full of sperm. Goodrich, 

 E. S. 1912.1, 1913.1. 



A male specimen of Amphioxus with forty- 

 three gonads shows 07ie, the fifth anterior 

 left gonad, containiYig ova. Orton, J. H. 



1914;1. 



Langerhans stated that he detected the 

 tails of sperm among the ovarian ova of 

 Amphioxus. Langerhans, P. 1876.2 

 (p. 326). 



SELACHII 



A female specimen of Raja clavata pre- 

 sented a small testis on the left side. Hoek, 

 P. P. 1894.1., 



A female of Scyllium stellare showed on 

 the right side a testis without a duct. 

 Vayssi^re, A. & Quintaret, G. 1914.1. 



TELEOSTEI 



Burbot (Lota) ; recorded cases of her- 

 maphroditsm. Jarvi, T. H. 1909.3,. 4; 

 Luther, A. F. 1909.2; Pipping, J. G. 

 1800.1; Sandman, J. A. 1909.2; Schnei- 

 der, G. 1903.13. 



Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Jackel, A. J. 

 1867.1; Alischer, S. Pre-Linn. 1720.1; 

 Briickmann, F. E. Pre-Linn. 1734.1; 

 Morand, S. Pre-Linn. 1740.1. Schwalbe, 

 -Pre-Linn. 1734.1. 



Eel (Anguilld); alleged hermaphroditism. 

 Ercolani, G. B. 1871.1-1872.2; Nardo, 

 G. D. 1871.2; Anon. 7. 



Gadidce; hermaphroditism recorded in 

 the — Cod (Gadus morrhua) . Halbertsma, 

 H. J. 1864.1; Hefford, A. E. 1907.2; 

 Hoek, P. P. 1890.4; •Howes, G. B. 

 1891.1; Masterman, A. T. 1895.2; 



Smith, John A. 1867.9, 1870.1; William- 

 son, H. C. 1906.2. — Whiting (G. mer- 

 langus). Debierre, C. 1887.1. — Ling 

 (Molva vulgaris). Kyle, H. M. 1897.1. 

 — Haddock (G. ceglefinus). Smith, W. R. 

 1S91.2. 



Herring (Clupea harengus) ; cases of 

 hermaphroditism. Freund, L. 1909.1; 



Malm, A. W. 1865.2, 1873.1, 1877.3,.4; 

 •Munter, J. A. 1-877.1; Pidgeon, D. 

 1898.1; Sandman, J. A. 1906.6; Sjo- 

 berg, H. R. 1911.1; Smith, John A. 

 1870.1; Smitt,F. A. 1882.1; Southwell, 

 T. 1902.2; Vogt, 0. C. 1882.1; Yarrell, 

 W. 1845.1; Langrand, E. Add. 1914.1. 



Perch, chiefly Perca fiuviatilis. Her- 

 maphroditism recorded. Halbertsma, H. 

 J. 1864.1; Hoek, P. P. 1890.5; Ivanzov, 

 N. 1893.1; Skogman, A. 1910.1. 



Salmonidw, cases of hermaphroditism. 

 Couch, J. 1868.1; Simpson, J. Y. 1839.1; 

 Stewart, C. 1891.2. 



Cases of hermaphroditism in — Shad 

 {Alosa). Fowler, H. W. 1912.2. — Ru- 

 tilus. Fuhrmann, O. 1909.2, 1910.1. 



— Sargus annularis. MacLeod, J. 1881.2. 



— Mackerel (Scomber). Malm, A. W. 

 1873.1, 1874.4, 1877.3, .4; ^ Stewart, C. 

 1891.1 — Fundulus majalis. Newman, 

 H. H. 1908.2. —Mugil. Orlandi, S. 

 1902.1. — Neomosnis andOcyurus. Poey, 

 F. 1870.2. — Gasterosteus. Schneider, G. 

 1904.16. — Sargus and Smaris. Stephan, 

 P. 1902.1. 



HIBERNATION 



Hibernation oj winter sleep, the torpid 

 condition in which fishes survive the low 

 temperatures and lack of food during 

 winter. 



Miscellaneous. Carradori, G. 1797.1; 

 Cunisset-Carnot, - 1909.1; Schubart, A. 

 1913.1; Sundvik, E. E. 1895.1; Zuntz, 

 N. 1905.1; Anon. 728. — Due to environ- 

 mental conditions in winter. *Knauthe, K. 

 1899.1. 



Hibernation of various .fishes. — Carp. 

 Borodin, N. A. 1906.2; Supino, F. 1911.1, 

 .2. —Black bass. Henshall, J. A. 1885.1. 



— Hippocampus. Rusconi, M. 1819.1. 

 For the manner in which fishes endure 



the dry season of tropical countries, see 

 Aestivation. 



HISTORICAL MATTER 



For Historical matter concerning specific sub- 

 jects, see under such topics as Fisheries, Piscicul- 

 ture, etc. 



For the history of ichthyology, see under 

 Ichthyology. 



For reproductions of ancient figiures of fishes, 

 see Iconography. 



For legends, superstitions, etc., see under 

 Mythology. 



For fishes of the Bible, see Theology. 



For a valuable recent work in English, 

 treating of the part played by fishes and 

 fishing in the economic and religious life 

 of the Greeks and Romans, Egyptians, 

 Assyrians, Jews, and Chinese, see *Wm. 

 Radcliffe. " Fishing from the earliest 

 times." London. 1921. 478 p. Uls. 



Animals mentioned in "Don Quixote." 

 Colmeiro y Penido, M. 1895.1. —The: 

 earliest mention of fossil fishes. Eastman, 

 C. R. 1904.3. — Old Arabic, Hebrew and 

 German writings on anatomy. Hj'rtl, C. J. 

 1879.1, 1884.1. —The animal lore of 

 Shakespeare's time. Phipson, E. 1883.1. 



