SUBJECT INDEX — MORPHOLOGICAL SECTION 



521 



-General. Teutleben, E. Add. 



1897.1. 

 1874.1. 



Branchial or respiratory musculature, or 

 the mechanism for opening and closing the 

 gill clefts, including both internal and ex- 

 ternal interhranchials. The preceding refer- 

 ences also include this subject. Albrecht 

 P. 1876.1; Bazin, A. 1S39.2,.3; Borc6a, 

 J. 1?07.1,.4; Favaro, G. 1902.1; Mc- 



^^^' •^- ^- 1885.1; Remak, R. 1843.1. 



Musculu.s protractor hyoidei (M. genio- 

 hyoideus, auct.), extending from ceratohyal 

 to symphysis of dentary. -A-Albrecht, P. 

 1876.1; Anderson, R. J. 1881.1; Chaine, 

 J. 1900.2, 1901.1; •Holmquist, O. 1910.1, 



1911.1, 1913.1, Add. 1910.1; Rouvi^re, 

 H. Add. 1906.1; Zavattari, E. Add. 

 1910.1. 



Iiimb and trunk muscles 



By morphologists (Gegenbaur, Kingsley 

 et al.) the trunk musculature is regarded as 

 divisible horizontally into dorsal (epaxial) 

 and ventral (hypaxial) portions, the line 

 of division being marked by a horizontal 

 partition of connective tissue. 



The following references, chiefly to ieleosts, 

 include in general the structure of the entire 

 trunk musculature including the muscles of 

 the fins. •Chevrel, R. 1913.1; Greene, 

 C. W. 1913.1; Hartmann, R. 1881.1; 

 Hindersson, H. A. 1910.1; Knauer, F. K. 

 1910.1; Tk-Maurer, F. 1892.1-1912.1; 

 Reiohert, 0. B. 1871.1; Schmalhausen, 

 J.J. 1912.1 (ii). 



Musculature of dorsal fin in — Motella. 

 Bogoljubsky, S. 1908.1 — Hippocampus. 

 Ranvier, L. A. 1874.1; RoUett, A. 1888.1; 

 Schultze, O. 1911.1. 



Supracarinales of Teleostei. Favaro, G. 



1902.2. — "Rectus abdominis" of Petromy- 

 zon. Schneider, A. F. 1882.1. 



DoTso-ventral division of lateral muscles 

 considered empirical, and lateral muscle in 

 teleosts regarded as composed of a single 

 layer. Shann, E. W. 1914.1. 



MYTHOLOGY AND SYMBOLISM 



For the Christian fish symbol, see under 

 Theology. 



For a valuable recent work in English, 

 treating extensively the mythology and sym- 

 bolism, of fishes among the Greeks and 

 Romans, Egyptians, and Assyrians, see 

 ■AWm. RadcUffe, " Fishing from the 

 earliest times," London. 1921. 478 p. 



General treatises. Folk-lore and legends; 

 fictitious and mythical fishes, etc. ItGuber- 

 natis, A. 1872.1; Hulme, F. E. 1895.1; 

 •Robinson, P. S. 1883.1; Vinycomb, J. 

 1906.1; Watkins, M. G. 1896.1; Sebillot, 

 P. Add. 1901.1. 



The great sea-serpent, its identification 

 with fishes. Collett, R. 1884.1; Holder, 



C. F. 1903.3; Holder, G. F. .& Jordan, 



D. S. 1913.1; •Oudemans, A. C. 1893.1; 

 Smith, H. M. 1904.1; Anon. 496. 



. -Fishes as mystic symbols in China and 

 Japan. Cams, P. 1911.1; Laufer, B. 

 1912.1. ■ — -Fish symbol of Egyptian paint- 

 ings. Mahler, E. 1913.1. ■ — Fish and 



water symbols. Norwood, J. W. 1912.1. 



— The fish as a sexual symbol. Eisler, R. 

 Add. 1914.1. 



Ichthyophobia or taboo offish. Matthews, 

 W. 1898.1. -^Fish totems in Torres Straits 

 and New Guinea. Haddon, A. C. & Rivers, 

 W. H. Add. 1904.1; Seligmann, C. G. 

 Add._ 1910.1. — Fishing myths and cere- 

 monies in the Malay Peninsula. Skeat, 

 W. W. Add. 1900.1. 



Hieroglyphics or markings believed or 

 alleged to have been found on fishes. Pre- 

 Linn. re/s. Bartholinus, T. 1654.1; Dobel, 

 H.W. 1718.1; Franous, A. 1591.1; Jerau- 

 curius, A. 1588.1; Simson, A. 1622.1. 



Miscellaneous papers on mythology. 

 Anon. 738; Eckstein, K. Add. 1911.1. 



— Pre-Linn. refs. Castrillo, H. 1692.1; 

 Kornmann, H. 1666.1; Lemnius, L. 

 1559.1; Picinelli, D. F. 1670.1; •Ron- 

 delet, G. 1558.1; Vogelhaupt, J. 1670.1. 



— "Trees producing fish." Duiret, C. 

 1605.1. 



Fishes In heraldry. Use of fishes in 

 armorial bearings, seals, etc. Robinson, 

 P. S. 1883.1; •Moule, T. Add. 1842,1; 

 Schuleuberg, W. Add. 1911.1; Peacham, 

 H. Pre-Linn. 1627.1. 



Myth of the shipholder. The " ship- 

 holder ' ' (Repiora or Echeneis) was be- 

 lieved by ancient mariners to be the cause 

 of the retardation or the standing still of 

 ships even when under full sail in a good 

 breeze. This phenomenon is now known 

 to be caused by " dead-water "_ which is 

 due to a layer of fresh or brackish water 

 resting upon the denser sea water. A 

 vessel moving in such a place creates 

 waves in the boundary between the two 

 water-layers whose conflicting currents 

 stay the ship. 



For the first scientific explanation of this 

 phenomenon, see Ekman, V. W. 1906.1. 



For a full review of all the known litera- 

 ture on this myth, with reproductions of 

 early figures, 'see B. W. Gudger, in Ann. 

 Mag. Nat. Hist. 1918, ser. 9, vol. 2, pp. 

 271-305; 1919, ser. 9, vol. 4, pp. 17-21. 



NERVOUS SYSTEM 



Comprising the morphology, develop- 

 ment and physiology of the nervous mech- 

 anism. 



Many of the parts of the nervous system have 

 been treated separately. See Auditory organs. 

 Brain, Eye, Gustatory organs. Lateral line 

 system. Olfactory organs, Spinal cord, etc. 



Anatomy and morphology in gen- 

 eral. Reference should also be made to 

 the various subdivisions of the nervous 

 system below for the literature relating 

 specifically to these constituent parts . 



General treatises. Baudelot, E. 1883.1; 

 Girgensohn, 0. G. 1846.1; -A- Johnston, 

 J. B. 1906.1, 1907.1, 1913.1; Key, A. & 

 Retzius, G. 1875.1. 



Miscellaneous and general. Apathy, S. 

 1895.1; Bailly, E. M. 1824.2; Bazin, A. 

 1839.4; Bellonci, G. 1880.1; Cortese, F. 

 1846.1; Desmoulins, L. A. 1822.1, .2,.3; 

 Dubreuil, E. 1885.1; Ebel, J. G. 1788.1; 



