584 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



Respiration — Cont'd. 



General papers. Babdk, E. & Dedek, B. 

 1907.1, 1908.1; Bjelooussow, N. 1901.1; 

 McKendriok, J. G. 1879.1; Mines, G. R. 

 1913.2; Varigny, H. C. 1892.1. 



Technical researches. — Synchronism of 

 respiratory movements with heart rhythm 

 in embryos. Babdk, E. & Hepner, J. 

 1912.1. — Nervous regulation of respira- 

 tory rhythm. DeganeUo, U. 1907.1-1908.1. 

 ■ — ■ Theory of origin of respiratory Tnovements. 

 Lombroso, U. 1907.1-1908.2; Anon. 582. 



"Yavming," in fishes, a respiratory act. 

 Cocks, A. H. 1910.1; Elmhirst, R. 1910.1. 



Caudal and cutaneous respiration 



Ability to live by cutaneous respiration 

 alone. Babdk, E. 1914.1. 



Caudal respiration in various fishes. 

 Baumert, F. M. 1853.2. 



Diminished resistance against silver salts 

 in fishes with cutaneous respiration. Pigo- 

 rini, L. 1907.1. 



Caudal respiration in Periophthalmus. 

 Haddon, A. C. Add. 1889.1; Hickson, S. 

 J. Add. 1889.1. 



ASPHYXIATION 



Through respiratory interruption 



Effects of asphyxiation on heart and 

 muscles. •Polimanti, O. 1912.5, 1914.1. 



Asphyxiation produced in water deprived 

 of oxygen through boiling or by use of air- 

 pump. Dissard, A. 1898.1; Grfehant, L. 

 F. & Picard, - 1873.1; Boyle, R. Pre- 

 Linn. 1670.2; Hauksbee, F. Pre-Linn. 

 1712.1. 



Observations on the vitality or duration 

 of life of fishes after removal from, the 

 water. Bert, P. 1868.1; Dissard, A. 

 1898.1; Evermann, B.W. 1913.2; No6, 

 J. 1893.1; Poluta, G. 1865.1; Schiiz, E. 

 1866.1; Anon. 150, 333. 



Asphyxiation produced by excess of 

 carbon dioxide. Reuss, H. 1909.1, .2. — 

 Suffocation in water of marshes. Rouget, 

 C. 1868.1. 



Asphyxiation caused by organic materials 

 in water. Perrier, L. & Labatut, - 1900.1. 

 — For other papers of a similar nature, see 

 under Pollution of Streams under Fisheries. 



RESPIRATORY ORGANS 



ACCESS0B7 RESPIRATORY 

 STRUCTURES 



Non-vascular in nature 

 Atrial chamber or peribranchial cavity in 

 Amphioxus. Development, etc. Lankester, 

 E. R. 1898.1; Lankester, E. R. & Willey, 

 A. 1890.1; Legros, R. 1909.1; Willey, A. 

 Add. 1890.1. 



Opercular terminal membrane of Teleosts, 

 aid in respiration. Francois-Franck, C. A. 

 1906.1,.3. 



Pre-branchial appendages in Dicero- 

 batis (Cephaloptera) consisting of elon- 

 gated lamellcB functioning to retard the flow 

 of water and thus aid in respiration. 

 Dumferil, A. H. 1870.4,.S; Panceri, P. 

 & Sanctis, L. 1869.1. 



Serrulce or serrated throat appendages, 

 possible respiratory function of, in Amia. 

 Wilder, B. G. 1877.5, 1886.1; Wright, R. 

 R. 1885.1. 



Breathing valves. Structure and func- 

 tion of maxillary and mandibular breathing 

 valves in Teleostomi. — Polypterus. Allis, 

 E. P. 1900.2. — Teleosts. Dahlgren, U. 

 1898.2; •Mitchell, E. G. 1904.1. — 

 Pleuronectidce. Schmidt, P. F. 1915.1. 



Innervation of breathing valves. Fusari, 

 R. 1907.2. 



Spiracle or the persistent vestigial 

 hyomandibular or first gill cleft. Mor- 

 phology. — Dipnoi. Agar, W. E. 1906.2, 

 — Acipenser. Virohow, H. 1890.3. — 

 Remnants in Amia and Lepidosteus. 

 Wilder, B. G. 1878.2; Wright, R. R. 

 1885.4. — Anatomy and developrhent in 

 Ganoidei. Dohm, A. Add. 1886.1. 



Anatomy and development in Elasmo- 

 branchii. Cleland, J. 1886.2; Ewart, J. 



C. (Lamna) 1890.3; Moroflf, T. 1904.1; 

 Ridewood, W. G. 1896.1; Turner, W. 

 1875.2; Virchow, H. 1890.2. 



Functions of the spiracles. Budgett (J. S. 

 1903.1), in his work with Polypterus, observed 

 the escape of air from the spiracles after the fish 

 had gulped air at the surface. He believed that 

 " the spiracles in this form are used to take in 

 and to give out air. from the swim-bladder." 



Rand (H. W. 1907.1) observed the spouting 

 of water from the spiracle in the skate (Raja) 

 and concluded that in addition to this causing 

 a respiratory incurrent through the mouth, the 

 fish regularly employs spouting or the spiracular 

 excurrent " as a means of keeping the eyes un- 

 obstructed." 



Similar observations of Darbishire (A. 



D. 1907.1) with Raja indicate that this 

 form expels water as " a means of ridding 

 the pharynx of unpleasant matter." 



Fulton (T. W. 1904.1, vi) has observed 

 the reversed action of the giU-covers in 

 plaice which were clinging to the tank 

 with their snouts out of water. In this 

 case the water was drawn in from behind 

 through the gill-openings and spouted "as 

 a little fountain, an inch or so in height." 



VASCULAR RESPIRATORY ORGANS 



True organs of respiration, of which 

 gills form the usual tjfpe, found in " all 

 fishes. 



Vascular filaments of pelvic fin of male 

 Lepidosiren, presumed to function as ad- 

 junct respiratory organs during breeding 

 season. Agar, W. E. 1908.1; Kerr, J. G. 

 1900.1; Lankester, E. R. 1894.1. 



ACCESSORY BRANCHIAL ORGANS 



For a comprehensive paper covering all 

 types of accessory branchial organs, with a 

 review of the literature, see -A-Rauther, M. 

 1910.1. 



Accessory organs (all types) in Indian 

 .fishes. •Day, F. 1877.3; Hyrtl, C. J. 

 1858.3; MtlUer, J. 1840.4; Taylor, J. 

 1831.2, 1835.1. 



Accessory branchial cavity. Simple 

 cavity lined by vascular membrane, of Ophio- 

 cephalidw. Grigorian, C. 1900.1; Hyrtl, 

 C. J. 1853.1. 



