SUBJECT INDEX — MORPHOLOGICAL SECTION 



585 



Arborescent appendages. — Hetero- 

 branchus, Alessandrini, A. 1842.1. — Cla- 

 rias. Bohme, R. 1904.2; S0rensen, W. E. 

 1883.1; Vaillant, L. L. 1895.3, 1896.3. 



Extensive air-sacs of Saccobranchus. 

 Burne, R. H. 1894.1; Hyrtl, C. J. 1854.4; 

 WylUe, J. 1840.1. 



Paired lung-like outgrowth of branchial 

 cavity (ccecal diverticula) ; small sacs in 

 Amphipnous. Hyrtl, C. J. 1858.3; Taylor, 

 J. 1831.2. 



Gill-helix type of appendages. — Hy- 

 pophthalmichihys. Boulenger, G. A. 1901.20. 

 — Heterotis, and Clupeida. *Hyrtl, C. J. 

 1854.1, 1855.1, 1862.1, 1863.2. —Chara- 

 dnidce. Kner, R. 1861.2. ^- Citharinus. 

 Sagemehl, M. 1886.1. 



Arborescent, appendages of Pmciliidce, 

 chiefly Lebias. Mazza, F. 1907.1. 



Labyrinthiform organs. Structure, 

 etc. — Labyrinthid. Bottger, W. C. 

 1912.1; •Heiminger, G. 1908.1; Peters, 

 W. C. H. 1853.1; Zograf, N. Y. 1886.1, 

 1888.1; Meyer, P. E. Add. 1904.1. — 

 Polyacanthus. Hyrtl, C. J. 1863.4. — 

 Betta. Schachmagonow, T. 1900.1. 



EXTERNAL GILLS 

 Transitory in nature 



For a comprehensive general treatise on 

 external gills, see *Clemens, P. 1895.1. 

 False External Gills 



In the young of many Selachians and 

 certain Teleosts, the gUl lamellae are pro- 

 longed as filaments which project to the 

 exterior. In literature, these are generally 

 called " external gills," although they 

 shoiild not be confused with the following 

 type. 



Structure and development m fcetal 

 Elasmobranchii. Blainville, H. M. 1818.3; 

 Comalia, E. 1856.1; •Leuckart, F. S. 

 1836.1; Schenk, S. L. 1875.1. 



For external gills of viviparous shark 

 embryos acting as placentce, see Nourish- 

 ment of embryo under Viviparity under 

 Reproduction. 



Structure in the' Teleosts, Oymnarchus 

 and Heterotis. Assheton, R. 1907.2; 

 Budgett, J. S. 1900.5, 1901.1. —Struc- 

 ture in Misgumus (Cobitis). Goette, A. 

 1878.3. 



True External GUIs 



True external gills of the same mor- 

 phological nature as those of Urodele 

 amphibians, occur in Crossopterygii 

 (Polypterus) and in the Dipnoans, Pro- 

 topterus and Lepidosiren. 



Structure of external gills in Protopterus. 

 Budgett, J. S. 1900.5, 1901.1. —In 

 Lepidosiren. Kerr, J. G. 1900.1. 



Alleged but non-existent in Neoceratodus. 

 Semon, R. 1894.1. 



Structure of external gills of Polypterus. 

 Boulenger, G. A. 1899.8; Budgett, J. S. 

 1900.4, 1901.1, 1902.2; Hyrtl, C. J. 

 1869.1; Steindachner, F. 1869.2; Anon. 

 200. 



For the External gill hypothesis m the 

 Phylogeiiesis of limbs, see under Evolu- 

 tion. 



GILLS 



For related structures see Branchial arches 

 under Visceral skeleton. 



For Gill-muscles, see under Myology. 



For the latest and most authoritative 

 works on the apparatus of respiration, see 

 •Oppel, A. Add. 1905.1, 1906.1. 



Anatomy and morphology. General 

 researches. Goette, A. 1901.1; Greil, A. 

 {Homologies) 1906.2; Huschke, E. 1818.1; 

 Popta, C. M. L. 1901.2,.3; Riess, J. A. 

 1881.1; LerebouUet, D. A. Add. 1838.1; 

 Williams, T. Add. 1859.1. 



Shorter papers on the morphology of the 

 gills. Howes, G. B. 1891.3; Lo Giudice, 

 P. 1910.1; Rosenthal, F. 1839.1; Tre- 

 viranus, G. R. 1830.1; Baer, K. E. Add. 

 1827.1. 



Structure of gills in various fishes. — 

 Orthagoriscus. Alessandrini, A. 1839.1. 



— Petromyzon. Giacomini, E. 1900.1. 



— Petromyzon and Myxine. Home, E. 

 1815.3. — Silurus. Geoffroy-Samt- 

 Hilaire, E. F. 1802.6. — Amphioxus. 

 Spengel, J. W. Add. 1891.1. —Syngna- 

 thus. Tiedemann, D. F. 1816.1. 



Development of gills. —Teleosts. 

 •Goette, A. 1878.3, 1901.1; MorofI, T. 

 1902.2, 1904.1. — Ceratodus. Greil, A. 

 1906.1; Kellicott, W. E. 1905.1. — 

 Bdellostoma. Stockard, C. R. 1906.2, 

 1908.1. 



Histology. Faiussek, V. A. 1902.1; 

 Montgomery-Vignal, M. W. 1874.1; 

 Plehn, M. 1901.1. — Elasmobranchii. 

 Alessandrini, A. 1840.1; Droscher, W. 

 1881.1; Todaro, F. 1873.1, Add. 1873.1. 



— Xiphias. Trois, E. F. 1883.1. 



PSEUDOBRANCHI^ 

 Accessory or rudimentary gills which in 



Ganoidei and Teleostei play some part m 



respiration. 



development, morphology and function. 



— Teleostei. GemmUl, J. F. 1899.1; 

 Maurer, F. 1884.1, 1888.1; MuUer.J. 

 1839.2, 1840.2,.4, 1841.1, .3; •Grassi, G. 

 B. Add. 1914.2. — Morphology and develop- 

 ment, Lepidosteus. •MilUer, F. W. 1897^. 

 ■ — Morphology, Ganoidei. Wnght, R. K. 

 1885 2 .4. — Ganoidei and Teleostei. 

 Dohrn, A. Add. 1886.1. 



RIBS OP FISHES 



As first shown by Goette (A. 1878.1,)^ two 

 morphologically independent structures nave 

 been known under the name of ribs, m 

 addition to the intermuscular or smaU bones 

 found in the myosepta of Teleosts. 



The dorsal ribs lie at the level of the hori- 

 zontal septum dividing the lateral musculature. 

 They occur in Elasmobranchs and are considerea 

 as homologous with the ribs of Antimotes. 



The ventral ribs lie immediately outside the 

 splanchnocoelic lining and are apparently seri- 

 ally homologous with the hremal arches of the 

 caudal vertebrse. In general in Teleostomes and 

 Dipnoi, only this type of rib is found. 



Both sets of ribs occur in the Crossopterygii- 



For an excellent account of the develop- 

 ment of the ribs in fishes, see •Schauins- 

 land, H. Add. 1905.1. 



