586 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



Bibs — Cont'd. 



Anatomy and morphology of the fish 

 ribs. •Baur, G. H. 1887.3, 1889.1, 1893.1 ; 

 Cleland, J. 1863.1; •DoUo, L. 1892.2; 

 Eschricht, D. F. 1850.1, 1851.1; •Goep- 

 pert, E. 1895.1, 1897.1; Hatschek, B. 

 1889.2; Lavooat, A. 1889.1; Mayer- 

 Wer.F. 1908.1; MilUer, A. 1853.1; Wil- 

 branfl, J. B. 1824.1, 1838.1; Glaus, C. 

 Add. 1877.1. 



Demonstration of presence (previously de- 

 nied) in Polyodon of cartilaginous ribs. 

 Bridge, T. W. 1897.2,.3. 



Presence anteriorly of both types of ribs 

 in Polyacanthus. Hyrtl, C. J. 1863.4. 



Description of a pair of freely articu- 

 lated occipital *' ribs " in Micropterus, 

 Shufeldt, R. W. 1884.1, .2. —Suggestion 

 that these are rudiments of the supra- 

 clavicula. McMurrifcli, J. P. Add. 1884.1. 



SENSES AND SENSE ORGANS (OF 



FISHES) 



For the morphology of the various organs of 

 sense, see under Auditory organs, Gustatory 

 organs, Eye, Olfactory organs, and Tactile 

 organs. 



For the functions of these organs, see Hearing, 

 Smell, Taste, and Vision. 



For local and specialized sense organs, see 

 under Lateral line system, and Nervous system. 



For all psychological reactions in fishes, in- 

 volving sensory perceptions, see under Behavior. 



Morphological and physiological classi- 

 fication of sense organs. Herrick, C. J. 

 1903.1. 



General treatises on sense organs. Chatin, 

 J. 1880.1; Lenhossek, M. 1894.1, 1895.1; 

 •Lubosch, W. 1910.1. 



Branchial sensory organs (ectodermal 

 thickenings above each gill cleft, from 

 which arise lateral line and mucus canal 

 sense organs) and their phylogenetic signifi- 

 cance. Beard, J. 1885.2; Beraneck, E. 

 1889.1; Peter, K. 1901.1; Wilson, H. V. 

 1897.1. 



General treatises an the senses of fishes. 

 •Baglioni, S. Add. 1912.1; •Nagel, W. 

 A. Add. 1894.1. 



Electric and magnetic dermal senses. 

 Dunn, M. Add. 1899.1. 



End organs or the nerve-end ap- 

 paratus. Called also epidermal sense 

 organs (Hautsinnesorgane) or terminal 

 buds. (It is impossible at present to state 

 with certainty the functions of these nerve 

 end organs and to assign them to the different 

 senses) . 



General treatises. "^Leydig, F. 1895.1; 

 •Merkel, F. 1880.1. 



Anatomy and morphology. Afanassjew, 

 M. J. 1874.1; Herrick, C. J. 1903.2; 

 Hofer, B. 1908.1; Leydig, F. 1879.1, 

 1888.1; Ritter, W. E. 1893.1; Schulze, 

 F. E. 1863.1; Trojan, E. 1904.1, 1905.1; 

 LenhossSk, M. Add. 1894.1. 



End organs of trigeminus and lateralis 

 nerves, Bdellostoma. Aygrs, H. & Worth- 

 ington, J. 1907.1. 



Skin sensory organs, relation to mamma- 

 lian hair. Leydig, F. 1893.1; Maurer, F. 

 1893.1, 1895.1. 



Skin sensory organs of Fierasfer. Nus- 

 baum, J. & Bykowski, L. 1905.1. — 

 Spinax. Rund, G. Add. 1914.1. 



Presence of terminal organs resembling 

 touch corpuscles in intra-muscular connec- 

 tive tissue. Purvis, G. C. 1890.1. 



For nerve terminations in particular or- 

 gans, see " Innervation " under such organs 

 as Heart, Integument, etc. 



SEX-RATIO (IN FISHES) 



The relative proportions of the sexes in 



Gerieral papers. Fulton, T. W. 1890.4; 

 Pittet, L. Add. 1914.1. 



The sex-ratio in — Gasterosteus. Brauu, 

 M. G. 1904.1. — Salmon in Scottish 

 rivers. Calderwood, W. E. 1904.1. — ■ 

 Sharks and rays. Fulton, T. W. 1903.2; 

 Haacke, W. Add. 1885.1. —Plaice. 

 Hefford, A. E. 1909.1. — Syngnathidce. 

 Marcusen, J. 1873.1. — Spinax. Punnet, 

 R. C. 1904.1. 



Sex-ratio in broods, of aquarium fishes, 

 chiefly viviparous Pceciliidce, alleged to 

 vary from nearly all males to nearly all 

 females according to age of parent fishes. 

 Thumm, J. 1908.1 (pp. 519-521). 



For an illuminating suggested explana- 

 tion of similar fluctuations in the sex-ratio 

 of Lebistes reticulatus, see -kJ. S. Huxley, 

 in Journal of Genetics, 1920, vol. 10, 

 pp. 265-276. Huxley suggests that in- 

 stead of sex-determination by chromosomes 

 being fixed and unmodifiable, there is a 

 possibility of external factors overriding 

 their effects, and that thus some males are 

 " masculinized females," i. e. males with 

 XX or female genetic constitution. Such 

 individuals will always give a preponder- 

 ance of the sex opposite to their own. 



For the sex-ratio of Lebistes in a wild 

 state considered the normal 1 : 1 ratio, see 

 Henn, A. W. 1916.1 (p. 106). 



Case of sex reversal or " arrhenoidie " in 

 a viviparous Pceciliid; in a female, the 

 anal fin elongated to twice its normal length, 

 resembling the characteristic appearance of 

 half-grown males. Philippi, E. 1904.1. 



For additional discussion of the sex- 

 ratio of the Pceciliidce, see R. L. Barney & 



B. J. Anson, in Ecology, 1921, vol. 2, pp. 

 53-69. 



SEXUAL DIMORPHISM 



General treatises on the sexual dimorphism 

 of animals, including fishes. * Cunning- 

 ham, J. T. 1900.2; •Darwin, C. R. 1883.1. 



Miscellaneous papers. Holt, E. W. 

 1898.1; Surbeck, G. 1913.1, 1914.2; 



Landeok, A. Add. 1914.1. 



Sexual dimorphism shown in dentition of 

 — Raja. Liitken, C. F. 1874.3,.5. — 

 Notidanus. Macdonald, J. D. & Barron, 



C. 1868.1. —Mobula. Pellegrin, J. 

 1912.12. 



Sexual dimorphism shown in rostral 

 spine of males of Myriacanthus, Squalo- 

 raja, and Chimoera. Davies, W. 1872.1; 

 Dean, B. 1906.1; Reis, O. M. 1896.2; 

 Woodward, A. S. 1906.3. 



