SUBJECT INDEX — MORPHOLOGICAL SECTION 



587 



Sexual dimorphism in — Anal fin, Mal- 

 lotus. Agassiz. J. L. 1860.1. — Pectoral 

 fin, Cobilis taenia. Canestrini, G. 1S71.3,.4; 

 Trosohel, F. H. 1871.1. —Pectoral fins, 

 Cyprinidoe. Fatio, V. 1875.1. ■ — In size. 

 Fulton, T. W. 1890.4. —In skeleton. 

 Gilnther, A. C. 1859.3. 



For sexual dimorphism in peleic fins of 

 sharks, see Copulatorj^ organs under Vivi- 

 parity in section on Reproduction. 



For the differentiation of the male anal 

 fin of Pceciliidir as an intromittcnt organ, 

 see under Ovarian gestation under Vivi- 

 parity as above. 



Frontal gibbosity, a swelling or pro- 

 tuberance on the head of certain male fishes, 

 which may be considered a secondary sexual 

 character. It becomes gradually more 

 prominent as sexual maturity is reached, 

 and is very greatly enlarged during the 

 breeding sectson. — General aeeount of 

 anatomy and physiological significance. 

 Pellegrin, J. 1904.2. — Geophagus and 

 CichUi,. Agassiz, L. & Agassiz, E. C. 

 1868.1; Steindachner, F. 1874.3, 1877.1 

 (i). — Julis and Scarus. Cu\-ier, G. & 

 Valenciennes, A. 1828. 1 (vol. 14). — 

 Semicossyphus. Gilnther, A. C. 1859.1. 



— Pimelometapon. Jordan, D. S. & Ever- 

 mann, B. W. 1896.2. — Percidm. Pelle- 

 grin, J. 1901.2. ■ — Ptychochromis. Pelle- 

 grin, J. 1907.14. 



Sexual diznorphism in various Teleosts 

 Sub-order Acanthopterygii. ■ — Callyo- 

 don. Bloch, M. E. 1788.3. — Amoglossus. 

 Cunningham, J. T. 1890.1. — Bhmn- 

 boidichthys. FacciolS,, L. 1886.1. — 

 Smaris. FaccioU, L. 1899.1. — Lepado- 

 gaster. Guitel, F. 1890.4. — Hemichromis. 

 Kutzner, A. 1909.1. — Cichlasoma. 

 Reuter, F. 1914.1. — Coris. Trois, E. F. 

 1905.1. — Lucioperca. Vutskits, G. 

 1915.1, 1916.1. — Mesogonistius. Anon. 

 263. — Pterophyllum. Conn, C. Add. 

 1914.2. 



Sub-order Ostariophysi. — Tinea. An- 

 dres, A. 1897.1; Canestrini, G. 1872.1. 



— Rasbora. Arnold, J. P. 1911.25. — 

 Callichthys. Kner, R. 1854.3. —Cory- 

 doras. Steindachner, F. 1910.2. — Neo- 

 silurus. Troschel, F. H. 1870.1. — Lew- 

 caspius. Vutskits, G. 1903.1. 



Fishes of various other sub-orders. 



— Coregonus. Carpenter, C. 1878.1. 



— Stigmatophora. McCulloch, A. R. 

 1914.3. — SyngnathidcB. Marcusen, J. 

 1873.1. — Cynolebias. Regan, C. T. 

 1912.22. 



For sexual dimorphism in eels, see 

 Sexes of Eels, under AnguiUa in the Syste- 

 matic part of the Subject Catalogue. 



SKELETON OF FISHES 



Comprisiner the morphology of the inner 

 cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and 

 the general subject of Osteology. 



The " exoskeleton," consisting of the dermal 

 denticles and scales, is treated under the cap- 

 tion " Dermal skeleton.'* , 



The wide usage, among authors, of the term 

 " exoskeleton " for the dermal skeleton has 

 necessitated the retention of this term in the 



present work. Long ago, Ryder (J. A. 1885.2, 

 p. 204) pointed out that " the distinction be- 

 tween the fin-rays as exoskeletal, from the other 

 bones as endoskeletal, . . . breaks down on 

 embryological grounds, for both are clearly of 

 mesoblastio origin." More recently, Prof. J. G. 

 Kerr (Text-book of Embryology, vol. 2, p. 289) 

 considers the use of the term "exoskeleton" 

 for fish-scales as unfortunate, and limits this 

 term to the true chitinous exoskeleton of various 

 invertebrates. 



The present section is largely limited to gen- 

 eral papers on the fish-skeleton. The full litera- 

 ture will be found by reference also to the papers 

 ciied wnder Pectoral girdle; Pelvic girdle; Ribs; 

 Skull; Vertebral column; and Visceral skeleton. 



The abnormalities of the skeleton are listed 

 under Teratology. 



For the preparation of skeletons for research 

 and class room work, see Technical methods, 

 etc. 



The many described forms of fossil fishes are 

 known solely from their skeletal remains. The 

 extensive literature can, of course, not be in- 

 cluded here. Reference should be made else- 

 where in this work and also especially to the 

 " catalogue " of Woodward (A. S. 1889.2). 



General treatises 



No satisfactory general treatise on the skele- 

 ton of fishes, of recent date, exists. The follow- 

 ing references comprise the existing general 

 treatises. 



Text in English. Owen, R. 1848.1, 

 1866.3; TlrReynolds, S. H. 1913.1. 



Text in French. Lidth de Jeude, T. W. 

 1898.1; Ik-Pouchet, G. & Beauregard, H. 

 1889.1; •Stfephan, P. 1900.1; Owen, R. 

 Add. 1855.1. 



Text in German. Briihl, C. B. 1856.1, 

 1887.1, Add. 1845.1, 1847.1. 



An early general treatise, in English, is 

 Cheselden, W. Pre-Linn. 1733.1. 



For the synonymy of the numerous terms 

 which have been applied to the bones of the 

 fish-skeleton, see •Starks, E. C. 1901.1. 



Miscellaneous papers 



The following citations represent older, 

 unimportant, and miscellaneous papers on 

 the skeleton of fishes. Ekama, C. 1822.1; 

 Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, E. 1817.2, 1824.2; 

 Hoeven, J. 1822.1; HoUard, H. L. 1861.1; 

 Macdonald, W. 1838.1, 1872.1; Mivart, 

 St. -G. 1871.1; Owen, R. 1846.2; Rosen- 

 thal, F. 1811.1; Segond, L. A. 1873.1; 

 Sgarzi, G. 1849.1; Shufeldt, R. W. 1916.1. 



Tissues characterized by the presence 

 of a high proportion of intercellular sub- 

 stance, or matrix, which is a product of 

 the surrounding cells themselves, occur 

 widely distributed throughout the animal 

 body. When the intercellular substance 

 is sufficiently dense, or is strengthened by 

 the deposition of lime salts, these tissues 

 may provide support for the other body 

 tissues. 



SKELETOGENOTJS TISSUES 



The skeletogenous or connective tissues, in- 

 cluding cartilage and bone, all arise from the 

 mesenchyme. 



The Connective Tissues 

 Comprising areolar, reticular, fibrous, and 

 elastic tissues, which have not been separated 

 in the following references. 



