SUBJECT INDEX — MORPHOLOGICAL SECTION 



595 



Text in French. Coupin, H. 1904.1; 

 Santini, E. 1898.1, 1899.1. 



Text in German. Landois, H. 1873.1; 

 Martens, E. 1876.2; Mettenheimer, C. 

 F. 1858.1; Sinroth, H. R. 1897.1 ; Anon. 

 262, 369, 370, 505. 



Text in — Spanish. Balaguer v Primo, 

 D. F. 1878. 1. —Finnish. Wikstrom, 

 D. A. 1889.1. —Swedish. Zur Miihlen, 

 M. 1911.7. 



Sound production by various fishes. 



— Sckenidce, including Drumfish. Adams, 

 A. 1861.1, Add. 1S48.1; Agassiz, J. L. 

 1850.4; Smith, H. M. 1905.1. — Silu- 

 ridcB. Agassiz, J. L. 1S50.4; Briining, C. 

 1913.4; Jenyns, L. 1842.1; Jobert, C. 

 1880.1; Maas, K. 1914.1. —Misgumus. 

 Budge, J. 1873.1. —Perch. Hamflton, 

 W. R. 1889.1. —Barbus. Peal, S. E. 

 1880.1. — Purring gourami, Ctenops. 

 Schafer, P. 1915.1; Sohiebold, A. 1912.1; 

 Dorn, R. Add. 1914.1. — Herring. 

 Murray, J. Add. 1831.1, 1833.1. 



Sound producing fishes of various locali- 

 ties. — Singing fish of Batticaloa, Ceylon. 

 Drieberg, C. 1908.1; Newman, E. 



1860.1; Pearson, J. 1912.3. —Musical 

 fishes of Borneo. Anon. 603; Beccari, O. 

 Add. 1904.1; St. John, S. Add. 1844.1. 



Musical fishes of South America. Lu- 

 bach, D. 1862.1 ; Onffroy de Thoron, E. 

 V. 1866.1; Thoron, O. de 1861.1, 1870.1; 

 Tesson, A. Add. 1884.1. 



SPERMATOZOA 



For the female reproductive ^elements, see 

 Ova and ovum. For Fertilization and related 

 topics, see under Embryology. 



Discovery of spermatozoa (in codfish). 

 Leeuwenhoek, A. Pre-Linn. 1702.1. 



Behavior or movements of the sper- 

 matozoa of fishes: The characteristic 

 rheotropism (upstream) of the mammalian 

 spermatozoon is absent in the sperm of or- 

 dinary oviparous Teleosis having external 

 fertilization, in which the sexual products 

 are simply cast into the water, and where 

 such rheotropism would be of no value, as 

 shown by the careful researches of Adolphi, 

 H. 1906.1. 



Chemical composition. For an ex- 

 haustive treatise on the chemistry of sper- 

 matozoa, with a full bibliography, consult 

 ■*Burian, B. in Ergebnisse der Physiol., 

 (Asher u. Spiro), 1904, 3. Jahrg., 1 Abt., 

 48-106; 1906, 5. Jahrg., 1 Abt., 768-846. 



Early researches on chemistry of sper- 

 matozoa. Baumhauer, E. H. 1846.1; 

 Fourcroy, A. F. & Vauquelin, L. N. 

 1807.2; Gobley, - 1851.1. 



General discussion of proteins of spermor- 

 tozoa. •Kossel, A. Add. 1913.1. 



Histones: basic proteins intermediate be- 

 tween protamines and true proteins. — 

 Scombron of mackerel sperm. Bang, I. 

 1899.1. — Lotahistone of Lota. Ehr- 

 strom, R. 1901.1. — Centrophorus Ms- 

 tone. Kossel, A. 1907.1. — Gadushistone 

 of cod. Kossel, A. & Kutscher, F. 1900.1. 



Protam.ines: designated by Kossel as the 

 simplest proteins, found only in combina- 

 tion with nucleic acids in spermatozoa of 

 fishes. Various papers, chiefiy on salmine 

 of salmon sperm. Dezani, S. 1908.1; 

 Kurajeff, D. 1899.1, 1901.1; Malenilck, 

 W. D. (Slurine) 1908.1; •Miescher-R., 

 F. 1881.1, 1896.1, Add. 1897.1; Piccard, 

 J. 1874.1; Weiss, F. 1907.1; Zaoharias, 

 E. O. 1898.3; Sehmiedeberg, O. Add. 

 1899.1. — Discovery of protamines. 



Miescher, F. Add. 1874.1. 



Cleavage products — Agmaline derived 

 from hydrolysis of herring sperm. Kossel, 

 A. 1910.1. — Purine bases: adenine, 

 guanine, and sarkine or hypoxanthine. 

 Levene, P. A. & Mandel, J. A. 1906.1; 

 Piccard, J. 1874.1; Schindler, S. 1889.1. 



Duration of virility. Effects of radium. 

 Oppermann, K. 1913.1. — Effects of 

 t&mperature, chemicals, bile of Anguilla, 

 etc., on shark sperm. Trois, E. P. 1883.2. 



It is now well known, chiefly through 

 the experiments of Quatrefages and of 

 Henneguy, that the life of the spermatozoa 

 of freshwater fishes, after their expulsion 

 into the water at the time of fertilization, 

 is very short, being not more than one 

 minute in the trout, according to Hen- 

 neguy. These experiments were made for 

 the fish-culturists, who, now, in order to 

 prolong the virility of the sperm, generally 

 avoid mixing the milt with water when 

 fertilizing the eggs. References as follows: 

 Henneguy, L. F. 1877.1; Quatrefages, J. 

 L. 1853.1. — Review of subject including 

 marine fishes. -A-Reighard, J. E. 1893.2. 

 — Exps. with salmon sperm. Rutter, C. 

 1902.1, 1904.1. 



Retention of virility in salmon milt when 

 unmixed with water. Atkins, C. G. 1874.1, 

 1879.1; Simmonaes, J. O. 1896.1. —Vi- 

 rility retained after M hours in transit. 

 Calderwood, W. L. 1909.1. 



Vrasski, V. P. claimed such endurance 

 up to six days. (Cf. acc't in Voelkel, P. 

 1870.1.) He originated the " Russian, or 

 dry method of impregnation." — For this 

 method, see Artificial fertilization, under 

 Piscicvilture. 



Masses of spermatozoa or sperma- 

 tophores. Spermatophores (said to 

 possess an external investing membrane) 

 of the oviparous Chimceroid, Callorhynchus. 

 Parker, T. J. 1892.1. 



Sperm aggregations of the viviparous 

 Ptsciliidce, Ictcking an external membrane. 

 Philippi, E. 1907.1, 1908.1. —Summary 

 of this. Henn, A. W. 1916.1. 



For related topics, such as manner of 

 copulation, etc., see Viviparity under Re- 

 production. 



Spermatogenesis. Miscellaneous and 

 general. Ovsyannikov, F. V. 1869.1; 

 Popoff, N. 1909.1. — Nurse or Sertoli- 

 cells, functions. Peter, K. 1898.1; Stfiphan, 

 P. 1902.2,.4,.5. 



Spermatogenesis in — Lepidosiren. Agar, 

 W. E. 1911.1, 1912.1. —Myxine. Cun- 

 ningham, J. T. 1892.6; •Sohreiner, A. & 



