SUBJECT INDEX— MORPHOLOGICAL SECTION 



599 



mental bodies of Elasmobranchs profoundly 

 influences the blood pressure in dogs and cats, 

 while extracts of the interrenal tissue are with- 

 out effect. These results have been confirmed 

 by Biedl <fc Wiesel (Archiv. f. d. ges. Physiol., 

 1902, vol. 91, pp. 434-461). 



Functions of the supraxenals 



Brown-SSquard in 1856 first showed that 

 removal of suprarenals in mammals is followed 

 by death, usually in two or three days, and that 

 the symptoms preceding death are those of ex- 

 treme musciilar prostration. This likewise 

 seems to be the case with fishes. 



Vincent (S. 1898.3,.4) has extirpated 

 the " suprarenals " (i. e. the interrenal or 

 cortical tissue) in the eel. One specimen 

 survived 28 days after the operation; an- 

 other 64, and a third was killed on the 

 119th day. From these results, he as- 

 sumed " that the cortical gland is not 

 absolutely essential to the life of the 

 animal." 



A compensatory hypertrophy of the 

 remaining " suprarenal," after one had 

 been removed from an eel, has been de- 

 scribed by Pettit (A. 1896.2). 



The results of Vincent and of Pettit 

 have subsequently been invalidated by 

 the discovery in the eel by Giacomini 

 (E. 1908.2) of additional interrenal tissue 

 situated at the anterior edge of the pro- 

 nephros and attached to both the anterior 

 and posterior cardinal veins. 



Contrary to the results of Vincent, 

 Biedl (A. 1912.1) found that in the skate 

 (Torpedo and Raja), if the interrenal 

 body is removed, the fishes grow pro- 

 gressively weaker after about a week and 

 become much paler in color, scarcely 

 mioving and refusing all food after from 

 14 to 18 days. They usually died within 

 three weeks after the operation with all 

 the symptoms of general prostration. 



TACTILE ORGANS (INCLUDING 

 SENSE OF TOUCH) 



See also Lateral line system, Senses and 

 Sense Organs. 



Structure and function. -kJoheirt, C. 

 1871.1, 1872.1, 1873.1. — Acipenser. 

 Ovsyannikov, F. V. 1872.3. 



Physiology of organs of touch. Baglioni, 

 S. 1909.2, 1910.1, Add. 1909.1. 



Barbels. Numerous unrelated species of 

 fishes possess filiform tactile processes (barbels) 

 on either dorsal or ventral or both hps. 



References to the structure or functions of 

 the barbels have appeared for the following 

 forms. — Peristedion. Jourdan, E. 1890.1. 

 — Mullus. Lo Bianco, S. 1907.2. — Silu- 

 roids. •Pollard, H. B. 1905.1. — Polyo- 

 don. Wagner, G. 1904.1. —Mullus, 

 Motella, Blennius, and Trigla. Zincone, A. 

 1876.1. 



Fins of Motella used as feelers. Bateson, 

 W. Add. 1890.1. 



Oral cirri or tentacles of Amphioxus. 

 Klaatsch, H. 1898.2. 



Supra-orbital tentacles of Blennius. Bay- 

 lis, H. A. 1914.1. 



TASTE (GUSTATORY SENSE) 



For the structure of the organs of taste, see 

 Gustatory organs. 



For the most comprehensive works on the 

 sense of taste in fishes, see llrHerrick, C. J. 

 1904.1, and •Nagel, W. A. Add. 1894.1. 



For additional references, see Herklotz, 

 E. O. 1864.1; Parker, G. H. 1908.2, 

 1912.1; Plehn, M. 1905.3; Herrick, C. 

 J. Add. 1902.2; Parker, G. H. & Stabler, 

 E. M. Add. 1913.1. 



Vibratile dorsal fin of Motella creates 

 water currents into the dorsal fin groove, 

 which is lined with taste buds and is a food 

 detecting organ. Thomson, J. S. 1911.1, 

 1912.1. 



TAXONOMY OF FISHES 



For the taxonomy of particular groups of 

 fishes, see under these groups in the Systematic 

 section. 



Number of species of fishes known (es- 

 timated). — Number in 1831. Gunther, 

 A. 1896.3. —12,000 estimated in 1912. 

 Henshaw, H. W. Add. 1912.1. —Num- 

 ber, American fossil species. Hay, O. P. 

 1899.1. 



'^ Fish names, ancient and modern." 

 Eastman, C. R. Add. 1917.2. 



CLASSIFICATION 



For manuals to be used in the classification 

 of fishes from any geographic region, see under 

 Fauna of the world. 



For essays on the gradual development of 

 our present system of classification, see Histori- 

 cal matter under Ichthyology. 



Availability of embryological characters, 

 germ layers, etc., in classification. Lan- 

 kester, E. R. 1873.3, 1877.1; Ryder, J. 

 A. 1885.7. 



Taxonomic value of the brain. Burck- 

 hardt, C. R. 1897.3; Mayer, A. F. 1864.1; 

 Wilder, B. G. Add. 1911.1. — Proposed 

 system, based on conditions of cavities of 

 central nervous system,. Wilder, B. G. 

 1887.2. 



Relation to classification, of the struc- 

 ture of the — reproductive system. Howes, 

 G. B. 1891.2. — fin-rays. Ryder, J. A. 

 1887.5. — teeth. Linck, H. F. Add. 1789.1. 



Larger and more important treatises on 

 the systematic arrangement or relations of 

 fishes; families, subfamilies, orders, etc. 

 Brandt, J. F. 1865.1; Canestrini, G, 

 1859.3; Cope, E. D. 1871.8, 1889.5; 

 ■Fitzinger, L. J. 1873.1; Gadow, H. 1898.1; 

 Gill, T. N. 1893.2; Gregory, W. K. 1907.1; 

 MilUer, J. 1843.1,.2, 1844.2; Pascoe, F. 

 P. 1877.1; Regan, C. T. 1909.4, 1912.13. 



Miscellaneous notes on classification: re- 

 lations of the different classes of vertebrates, 

 special characters arid position of the class 

 of fishes, etc. Agassiz, J. L. 1834.3, 1850.1, 

 1858.1, .8; Agassiz, L. & Egerton, P. G. 

 1837.1; Bayer, F. 1900.1; Cope, E. D. 

 1868.2, 1871.8,.9, 1872.2,.4..16, 1877.4, 

 1885.2, .3, 1888.2, 1889.5; Cuvier, G. L. 

 1814.1; Dana, J. D. 1863.1, .3; Dean, 

 B. 1895.4; Gill, T. N. 1861.7, 1873.3,.7. 



