606 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL fflSTORY 



Thyroid— Coni'd. 



Anatomy and morphology. General trea- 

 tises. — ■ Vertebrates especially Selachii. 

 *Guiard, J. 1896.1. — Vertebrates. 



Thompson, F. D. 1910.1. 



Miscellaneous papers. Herrmann, G. 

 & Verdun, P. 1900.1; Julin, C. 1887.5. 

 ■ — Structure, distribution, and variation. 

 Gudernatsoh, J. F. Add. 1909.1. 



Anatomy in Cyclostomata. — Petromy- 

 zon. Reese, A. M. 1902.1. — ■ Ammoccetes. 

 Sehron, O. 1865.1. — Myxine. Schaffer, 

 J. 1906.1. 



In Elasmobranchii. -A-Ferguson, J. S. 

 1911.1; Goodey, T. 1910.2; Lombard, 

 G. D. 1909.1; Robin, C. P. 1847.3. 



Ganoidei. Hyrtl, C. J. 1852.1. 



Teleostei. •Gudernatsch, J. F. 1911.2; 

 Mackenzie, T. {Ameiurus) 1884.1; 

 Maurer, F. 1886.1. 



Development. General accounts. Meuron, 

 - 1886.1; Mffller, W. Add. 1871.1. — 

 Amphioxus, Cyclostomes, and Pisces. 

 •Dohrn, F. A. 1882.2 (vii, xi, xu). 



In Cyclostomata. — Ammocmtes. Ma- 

 rine, D. 1913.1. — Petromyzon. Reese, 

 A. M. 1902.1. — Bdellostoma. Stockard, 

 C. R. 1906.3. 



Histology. Ammoccetes. Renaut, J. & 

 Policard, A. 1905.1. 



Physiological and chemical papers. — 

 Iodine content of thyroid. Cameron, A. T. 

 1913.1. — Relations between normal and 

 pathological thyroids. Gudernatsch, J. F. 

 1911.1. — Effects of thyroid feeding in 

 young salmon. Giaeomini, E. Add. 1914.2. 



VRINOGENITAL SYSTEM {OF 



FISHES) 



Comprising the structure of the excre- 

 tory, nepbridial or renal organs, and the 

 generative or reproductive organs of fishes. 



Since in fishes, as in the other groups of verte- 

 brates, there exists an intimate developmental 

 and topographical relationship between the ex- 

 cretory and reproductive organs, the ducts of 

 the former serving to carry the products (eggs 

 or sperms) of the latter, the two systems have 

 in the literature generally been considered to- 

 gether and are so treated here. 



Few morphological systems have been the 

 subject of greater controversy than the present 

 and, as far as possible, the present state of these 

 controversies is indicated below. 



The most valuable comprehensive general 

 treatise {in German) on the development and 

 structure of the urinogenital system in verte- 

 brates, including all groups of fishes and 

 containing an extensive bibliography, is 

 the series cited under *Felix, W. & Biihier, 

 A. 1906.1,.2. 



Similar comprehensive general treatises 

 in German are those of -A-Riickert, J. Add. 

 1892.1; brought up to 1904 by •Felix, W. 

 Add. 1904.1. 



The most recent and valuable summary 

 in English is the account in the " Text- 

 book of Embryology " by *Prof. J. G. 

 Kerr. Vol. II, (Vertebrata) , London, 

 1919, 591 p. 



Other readable general summaries in 

 English may be found in Bridge, T. W. 

 1904.1, and in Kingsley, J. S. 1912.1. 



Miscellanea 



Older but still interesting and historically 

 valuable accounts of the excretory organs, 

 in English, are cited under Balfour, F. M. 

 1876.2, 1882.1; and Sedgwick, A. 1881.1. 



Various general works in German, treat- 

 ing of the excretory or urinogenital organs in 

 nearly all groups of fishes are Fiirbringer, 

 M. 1878.2; •Hoffmann, C. K. 1886.1; 

 Hyrtl, C. J. 1850.1; Solger, B. F. 1882.1. 



Similar older general works in French on 

 the reproductive organs are Martin-Saint- 

 Ange, G. J. 1856.1; Treviranus, G. R. 

 1826.1, .2; Vogt, C. C. & Pappenheim, 

 S. 1859.1. 



Various unclassified, relatively unim- 

 portant, or older papers on the excretory 

 organs. Cappello, O. 1845.1; Crevatin, 

 F. 1904.1; Huefner, C. G. 1866.1; 



MilUer, J. 1845.3; Rathke, M. H. 1837.2; 

 Burnett, W. I. Add. 1854.2. 



External urinogenital appendages 



In both males and females of the Siluroid 

 Plotosus, behind the urinogenital papilla, 

 there is a peculiar arborescent vascular and 

 glandular appendage of unknown function. 

 Brock, J. 1888.1; Hirota, S. 1895.1. 



In both sexes of the Syngnathid, Gas- 

 terotokeus, (better developed in females) 

 there is a protuberance covered with papillae 

 (tastkissen) just before the anal fin. Brock, 

 J. 1887.1. 



In both sexes in various species of Blen- 

 nius, peculiar complicated urinogenital ap- 

 pendages occur. •Guitel, F. 1893.1. 



The structures just mentioned are pre- 

 sumably not to be confounded with the 

 male intromittent organs of certain vivip- 

 arous fishes. 



For the copulaiory organs (Myxopterygia) 

 of male Ela^mobranchs, see below Viviparity 

 under Reproduction. 



For the intromittent organs of various 

 viviparous Teleosts, see under such families 

 as Poeciliidae below Ovarian gestation of 

 Teleosts likewise under Viviparity. 



EXCBETOBY ORGANS 



The whole series of vertebrate nephridial 

 tubes was termed " archinephros " by Lan- 

 kester (1877.1). Sedgwick (1881.1, p. 458) 

 held the view that the pronephros, mesonephros 

 and metanephros (Lankester's terms) are 

 merely successive parts of a single, elongated 

 ancestral excretory organ which possessed a 

 duct and segmentally arranged nephridial 

 tubules. 



These views were further substantiated 

 by Price's work on Bdellostoma (Price, G. C. 

 1897.1) who conceived of the entire embryonic 

 kidney as a *' holonephrOs " from which the 

 pronephros and mesonephros are derived. 



These views of homologies are now gen- 

 erally accepted. 



A related view is that of Audigfi (1910.1, 

 p. 614) who conceives of the Teleostean kidney 

 as a " mononephros " in which the three re- 

 gions, when they exist, are synchronous in 

 development. 



Fronephros 



Called also " Vorniere " and " head-kidney." 

 As considered by Balfour (1882.1) the pro- 

 nephros is a purely larval organ ordinarily 



