612 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



Vertebral Column — Cont'd. 

 . This quotation concerning Acipenser is 

 from Gadow, H. & Abbott, E. C. 1894.1. 

 Histology of chorda in Acipenser. 

 Ebner, V. 1896.4. 



HOLOSTEI 

 (Osseous Ganoids) 



In this group, osseous arch-centra are 

 formed. 



Structure and development of vertebral 

 column. Hasse, J. C. 1894.2. 



Structure and development in Amia 

 calva. •Hay, O. P. 1895.3; Ihering, H. 

 1878.2; Schmidt, L. 1892.1. 



Structure and development in Lepi- 

 dosteus. (This form is unique among fishes 

 in possessing opisthocoelous vertebrce.) Bal- 

 four, F. M. & Parker, W. K. 1882.1; C, 

 E. 1868.1; TlrGegenbaur, C. 1867.1. 



The older groups " Amioidei " and 

 " Lejndosteoidei *' were rejected by Wood- 

 ward and the genera partly redistributed 

 into new suborders, the Protospondyli and 

 the JStheospondyli, based on the structure 

 of the vertebral column. For a discussion 

 of their taxonomic status, see Hay, O. P. 

 1898.1, .6. 



Much information on the vertebral 

 column of foSsil ganoids will be found in 

 Woodward, A. S. 1889.2, and in Zittel, 

 K. A. 1887.1. 



TELEOSTEI 

 (Bony fishes) 



" The centrum is formed entirely by 

 the skeletogenous layer remaining out- 

 side the elastica, its cartilage is derived 

 from the dorsal and ventral arcualia." 

 This cartilage surrounds the chordal 

 sheath with a complete mantle (Rhodeus) , 

 and is ossified later on. In the trout, 

 most of the material necessary for the 

 formation of the centrum is indifferent 

 membrana reuniens and ossifies directly. 



Papers primarily on the development of 

 the vertebral column in teleosts. Albrecht, 

 A. 1902.1; Alessi, C. (Clupeidm) 1898.1; 

 Calberla, E. 1877.2; Goette, A. 1873.1 (v), 

 1878.4; Goronowitsch, N. (Salmonidce) 

 1885.1; •Grassi, G. B. 1883.1-1885.1; 

 •Klaatsch, H. 1892.1; Lotz, T. 1864.1; 

 Reinhard, W. (Cyprinoids) 1888.1; Roule, 

 L. 1908.3; *Soheel, C. 1893.1; Sella, 

 M. (Murainidce) 1911.2; •Stfiphan, P. 

 1898.1, 1900.1; •Ussow, S. A. 1900.1, 

 1906.1; Wyman, J. 1856.2. 



Structure or morphology of the vertebral 

 column or the definitive iiertebroe. — 

 Teleostei. Battista, G. 1883.1. — Doras. 

 Bliss, R. 1872.2. — Muraena. Ciamician, 

 J. 1878.1. —Cobitidw. Grobben, C. 

 1875.1. — Clupeidce. Lombardo, A. C. 

 1884.1. 



Absence of true articular apophyses, 

 teleosts. Mix, E. 1874.1. — Cervical and 

 occipital vertebrce of Teleosts. Robertson, 

 0. 1861.1. 



Dipnoi 

 Chordal sheath strengthened by inva- 

 sion of skeletogenous cells, therefore with 

 possibility of chorda-centra, but the 



partly chondrified chordal sheath remains 

 . unsegmented, i. e., no centra are formed. 



Structure in Dipnoi. Gilnther, A. C. 

 1871.3; Hasse, J. C. 1892.1; Klaatsch, 

 H. 1893.1; Wiedersheim, R. E. 1880.2. 



VISCERAL SKELETON 



Comprising the structure of the visceral 

 and branchial arches. Although primitively 

 cartilaginous, in the Teleostei these parts are 

 ossified as cartilage bones. The visceral skeleton 

 consists of a series of supporting bars, the vis- 

 ceral arches, arising in the mesenchymatous 

 tissue between the visceral clefts. The two 

 anterior visceral arches are specially designated, 

 the first is the mandibular and the second is 

 the hyoid arch. The remaining arches are col- 

 lectively called branchial or gill arches. 



For the musculature of the visceral arches, 

 see Cranial and visceral muscles under Myology. 



Embryonic dei'elopment of the visceral 

 arches, their topographic role, etc. Braus, 

 H. 1904.2; •Dohrn, F. A. 1882.2 (vii); 

 Froriep, A. 1891.1; •Vialletpn, L. 1908.2. 

 — Development in Lepidosiren and Pro- 

 topterus. Agar, W. E. 1906.1. — Selachii. 

 •Gibian, A. 1912.1. — Syngnathus. Mc- 

 Murrieh, J. P. 1883.1. — Sharks and 

 skates. -A-Parker, W. K. 1879.2. — Acan- 

 thias. Ik-Severtzov, A. N. 1899.1. — Tele- 

 ostei. Voskoboinikov, M. M. 1910.1. ^— 

 Salmo. Zanichelli, W. 1909.1. 



Morphology of the visceral skeleton or 

 " LigoTnentum denticulatum " of Am- 

 phioxus. Benham, W. B. 1893.1; Rolph, 

 W. 1875.2. 



Morphology of the visceral skeleton of 

 Cyclostomata, chiefly Petromyzon, the so- 

 called " hyobranchial skeleton " or " bran- 

 chial basket." Alix, E. 1880.1; Ayers, H. 

 & Jackson, C. M. 1900.1; Burne, R. H. 

 1892.1; Dohrn, F. A. 1882.2 (v) ; •Hux- 

 ley, T. H. 1876.2; Kupffer, C. W. 1895.1; 

 Neumayer, L. 1910.1; •Parker, W. K. 

 1883.1; Schaffer, J. 1901.2; Severtzov, 

 A. N. 1914.1; Gaupp, E. Add. 1904.1. 



Morphology of the visceral skeleton in 

 adult Selachii. •Ftirbringer, K. 1903.1; 

 •Gadow, H. 1888.1; Garman, S. (.Fine 

 figures) 1913.1; •Gegenbaur, C. 1864.2 

 (ui); Molin, R. 1859.1. — Chlamydosel- 

 achus. Goodey, T. 1910.1. — Echino- 

 rhinus. Ridewood, W. G. 1899.1. — Lmmar- 

 gus. White, P. J. 1893.1. — Pristiophorus. 

 •Hoffmann, L. Add. 1914.1. 



Morphology of the visceral skeleton in 

 the Chimwroid or " holocephalic " skull. 

 Dean, B. 1906.1; Hubrecht, A. A. 



1876.1; Woodward, A. S. 1889.2 (ii). 



Morphology of visceral skeleton in Ga- 

 noidei and Neoceratodus. •Wijhe, J. W. 

 1880.1, 1882.1. 



Morphology of visceral skeleton in Sym- 

 branchidce. Weyenbergh, H. 1878.4, 

 1881.1. _ 



Relations of mandibular and hyoid arches 

 in Hybodus. Woodward, A. S. 1886.3. 



Derivatives of mandibular and hyoid 

 arches with especial references to the homol- 

 ogies of the mammalian auditory ossicles. 

 Albrecht, P. 1884.1; Gadow, H. 1888.1; 

 Debierre, C. Add. 1885.1. 



