654 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



vander, K. M. 1897.3; Sandman, J. A. 

 1906.4; Holt, E. W. Add. 1892.5. 



Solea vulgaris (Sole). ■* Cunningham 

 J. T. 1890.2; Houghton, W. 1883.1 

 •Redeke, H. C. & Tesch, J. J. 1911.1 

 •Ehrenbaum, E. Add. 1914.5; Green, 

 W. S. Add. 1890.1. —Eggs of sole attached 

 to shrimp. Deslandes, A. F. Pre-Linn. 



1724.1, 1753.1; Needham, J. T. Pre- 

 Linn. 1745.1. 



AMBICOLORATION 



Being the partial or complete develop- 

 ment of pigmentation on the eyeless and 

 ordinarily colorless side. 



For adjustment in coloration to the sur- 

 roundings and effects upon coloration of 

 extirpation of the eyes, see under Coloration. 



General accounts and summaries of 

 various theories as to cause. Bateson, W. 



1894.2, 1895.1; •Gemmill, J. F. 1912.1; 

 •Hussakof, L. 1914.3. 



Records of Occurrence 

 of Ambicolorate Specimens 

 Chiefly the flounder, plaice, sole, and 

 turbot, and including partially ambicolored 

 or " piebald " specimens. Bos, J. R. 

 1886.1; Elmhirst, R. 1911.1; Filhol, H. 

 1889.1; Johnstone, J. 1909.1; Nicols, 

 A. 1873.1; Pouchet, G. 1892.1; Ritchie, 

 J. 1908.1; Rodd, E. H. 1862.1; Sacchi, 

 M. 1898.1; Schleep, B. C. 1829.1; Toni, 

 E. 1888.1; Trois, E. F. 1908.1, 1909.2. 



— No change in coloration after extirpa- 

 tion of eyes. Buijtendijk, F. J. J. 1911.1. 



— Platessa oblonga with both sides equally 

 colored. Storer, D. H. 1844.10, 1855.1. 



Cases of inversion of coloration, i. e., 

 absence of pigmentation on ocular side and 

 appearance of color below. Noury, E. 

 1909.1; Sacchi, M. 1899.1, .2. —Engyo- 

 phrys, normally pigmented on blind side. 

 Jordan, D. S. & Bollman, C. H. 1890.1. 

 Theories of causation 



Ambicoloration caused by abnormal 

 movements in swimming. Giard, A. 1892.3. 



— This view contradicted by agvurium ex- 

 periments of Cu^not, L. 1905.1, 1906.1; 

 and Cuuninghan), J. T. 1895.1. 



Ambicoloration in flatfishes a case of 

 atavism. Kent, W. S. 1873.3. — Con- 

 tradiction of Kent's theory. Suggestion of 

 crossing of normal and reversed specimens 

 as cause of ambicoloration. Romanes, G. 

 J. 1873.1. 



Experiments on action of light on the 

 under side of flatfishes. -i-Cunningham, 

 J. T. 1891.3, 1893.1,. 10; Cunningham, 

 J. T. & MaoMunn, C. A. 1893.1. —Ex- 

 periments on flatfishes living on slaty 

 bottom. Cunningham, J. T. 1895.1. 



Theories deduced from the above and other 

 experiments with light. — Ambicoloration 

 due (at least in part) to the penetration of 

 light through shallow water to the parts of 

 the fish not in contact with the hard bottom. 

 •Cunningham, J. T. 1894.1; Hussakof, 

 L. 1914.3. — Ambicoloration probably due 

 to influence of sympathetic nervous system 

 as well as action of light. Mcintosh, W. C. 

 1902.2,.3. 



DEVELOPMENT 



Including metamorphosis of the bi- 

 lateral larvse to the asymmetrical condi- 

 tions of the adult. The subdivisions, " Asym- 

 metry " and " Rotation of eye " are retained 

 for convenience although these subjects are not 

 readily separable. 



E^gs and Larvae 



" The eggs of the Pleuronectidse, like those 

 of the Gadoids, are pelagic or floating, and the 

 species begin life "with a denatant drift in the 

 current from deep to shallow water." Meek 

 (A. 1916.1, p. 262). 



This subject has been studied chiefly 

 by means of the results of fishery investi- 

 gations. For detailed reports and statis- 

 tics, see the Reports cited below under 

 Migrations. See also under Fisheries. 



Descriptions of eggs of various Pleuro- 

 nectidoe. Cunningham, J. T. 1888.1; 

 Holt, E. W. 1891.5, 1893.4. —Plaice 

 eggs. Mcintosh, W. C. & Prince, E. E. 

 1890.1. 



Eggs and larvcB in the North Sea. -A-Eh- 

 renbaum, E. 1897.1, 1908.2, 1910.1, 

 .2, 1911.3; Bowman, A. (Plaice) Add. ' 

 1914.1. 



Statistics of number of Plaice eggs — in 

 Baltic. Hensen, V. & Apstein, C. 1897.1. 

 — in Loch Fyne. Williamson, H. C. 

 1899.1. 



Plate of larval forms. •Hoek, P. 1903.1. 



Spawning areas (chiefly North Sea and 

 coasts of Ireland and Scotland) . Meek, A. 

 1916.1. 



General papers on the eggs and larvce of 

 Pleuronectidce, including their distribu- 

 tion, quantity, development, etc. Kyle, H. 

 M. 1900.7; Mcintosh, W. C. 1892.2, 



1894.2, 1895.1; •Petersen, C. G. 1904.2, 

 .4, 1906.2, 1909.2. — Zeugopterus punc- 

 tatus. Cunningham, J. T. 1893.11. — 

 Rhomboidichthys mancus. Facciola, L. 



1887.3. — Pleuronectes cynoglossus. Holt, 

 E. W. & Byrne, L. W. 1903.2. — Ar- 

 noglossus and Hippoglossus. Williamson, 

 H. C. 1911.2,.4. 



Post-larval Stages 



Chiefly metamorphosis. Papers treat- 

 ing in detail of this stage, •Apstein, C. 

 1894.1, 1897.1, 1905.1; Kyle,. H. M. 

 1898.1; Mcintosh, W. C. 1888.3, 1889.2, 

 1896.4; Schmidt, E. J. 1904.2; William- 

 son, H. C. 1904.1. 



Natural history and rate of growth of 

 young plaice after metamorphosis is com- 

 plete. Cunningham, J. T. 1896.1. — Re- 

 cent detailed account. •Fulton, T. W. 

 1902.3. 



Asymmetry of flatfishes 



References to Asymmetry will also be found 

 in many of the other articles cited in this section, 

 particularly those under Ambicoloration, Rota- 

 tion of Eye, and Post-larval stages. 



First correct explanation of the asym- 

 metry of the Pleuronectidce. •Traquair, 

 R. H. 1865.1, 1865.2. 



Nature and development of the asym- 

 metrical condition, structural changes, etc. 

 Autenrieth, J. H. 1800.1; Beneden, P. 

 J. 1853.3; Crichton-Browne, J. 1907.1; 

 •Cunningham, J. T. 1896.1; •Duncker, 



