656 



AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 



Cole & Johnstone (1901.1, p. 218) as applicable 

 to the Pleuronectidae in general. 



" Passive drift in-shore of developing eggs 

 and metamorphosing larvEe terminating as the 

 larva acquires the adult form and settles to 

 the bottom. Slow outward movement of the 

 young fish, deeper water being continually 

 sought as it increases iri size. This movement 

 ends as the fish becomes mature. Thereafter 

 its movements a,re probably very limited. 

 During the spawning season it probably does not 

 travel at all. With the extrusion of spawn an- 

 other generation begins the migratory cycle," 



The migratory habits of the flatfishes 

 have been chiefly studied by means of 

 marking experiments on plaice in the 

 North and Irish and Baltic Seas. For a 

 bibliography on plaice marking experi- 

 ments, see Atkinson, G. T. 1912.1. 



Marks in use in marking experiments. 

 Heincke, F. & Bolau, H. 1906.1. 



For investigations on the migration of 

 Pleuronectidce in order to determine ques- 

 tions of Size, Growth, Food, and Tem- 

 perature effects, see the larger papers cited 

 in this section and also these subjects in the 

 Morphological Section. 



General papers on the migrations of 

 flatfishes. Cole, F. S. & Johnstone, J. 

 1901.1; •Meek, A. 1916.1. —See also 

 J. T. Jenkins " The Sea Fisheries." Lon- 

 don, 1920, 299 p. figs., and various shorter 

 papers on the results of the Northumber- 

 land investigations by Meek, (A. 1905.1, 

 1909.2, 1913.1, 1914. 2, .3, 1915.3). 



For detailed reports on localities, seasons,* 

 etc. of mature spawning migrations of 

 Pleuronectida, see particularly the Re- 

 ports of the Dove Marine Laboratory, 

 CuUercoats. 



Seasonal migration of Pleuronectidce 

 {in-shore in sv mmer and into deeper water 

 in winter, until maturity is reached).- 



— Flounders marked in Elbe in autumn 

 recaptured in Elbe. Ehrenbaum, E. 1907.3. 



— Young plaice appearing in the mouths 

 of rivers. Feddersen, A. 1879.1; Hoek, 

 P. 1888.1; Seeley, H. G. 1886.1. — 

 " Where are plaice in winter? " Petersen, 

 0. G. J. 1893.2. —Marked soles in the 

 Zuyder Zee. Tendency to southwest migra- 

 tion. Redeke, H. C. 1905.1, 1911.1. — 

 Flounders marked in Feb. and May on 

 Bomholm grounds in Baltic, recaptured 

 near coast the following summer. Strodt- 

 man, S. 1906.1. 



Effects of seasonal migrations analyzed 



— for Forth school. Thompson, D. W. 

 1914.2; Fulton, T. W. {" Goldseeker " 

 investigations) 1913.2. — for Northumber- 

 land school. Meek, A. 1916.1, p. 271. 



Increase in growth of Plaice as result of 

 transplantation to richer feeding grounds. 

 Experiments in North Sea, 1896-1908. 

 Borley, J. {Summary) 1912.2; Garstang, 

 W. 1905.1; Petersen, C. 1896.4, 1897.1. 



Migratory habits peculiar to certain flat- 

 fishes. — Plaice and Dab are usually 

 found together. Plaice begins to spawn 

 earlier in year than Dab. Cunningham, 

 J. T. Add. 1898.1. —Flounder lives in 

 estuaries and rivers, only descending to the 



sea in the spawning season. Cunningham, 

 J. T. Add. 1898.1. 



Notes on migrations of Pleuronectidce to 

 various localities. {Chiefly seasonal feeding 

 ■migrations.) — From Kattegat to Baltic. 

 Mortensen, O. T. J. 1897.1. — In Trond- 

 hjemsfjord, Norway. Nordgaard, O. 

 1909.2. — To coastal grounds on west 

 coast of Jutland. Johansen, A. C. Add. 

 1913.1, .2. 



Marking experiments in various locali- 

 ties. — North sea. Atkinson, G. T. 1909.1- 

 1912.1; Bolau, C.C. 1905.1; Ehrenbaum, 

 E. 1907.3; Lee, R. M. & Atkinson, G. T. 

 1912.1; Reichard, A. C. 1909.1, 1910.1, 

 1915.1, .2. —Irish Sea. Farran, G. P. 

 1909.1; •Johnstone, J. 1905.3, .5, 1911.1, 

 1912.2. — Baltic Sea. Johansen, A. C. 

 1905.1, 1909.1, 1910.1, 1912.1. — /ce- 

 ionrf. , SEemundsson, B. 1913.1; Schmidt, 

 E. J. 1907.1. 



PHYLOGENY 



Evolution and origin of species of flat- 

 fishes. Bateson, W. 1894.1; •Cunning- 

 ham, J. T. 1892.1, 1895.6, Add. 1898.1; 

 Giard, A. 1892.1; Regan, C. T. 1910.6; 

 •Thilo, O. 1899.2, 1903.3. 



TAXONOMY 



Family Pleuronectidae 



See also general papers on this subject 

 under Taxonomy in the Morphological 

 Section. 



Systematic works. Andrews, W. 1849.5; 

 Boulenger, G. A. 1901.15; •Cunning- 

 ham, J. T. 1893.1, 1895.6, Add. 1894.1; 

 •Kyle, H. M. 1900.1. 



For group and generic names given to 

 larval forms, see Jordan, D. S. & Goss, 

 D. K. 1S89.1. 



Geographical variations. Cligny, A. 

 1905.4. — India. Alcoek, A. W. {Bay of 

 Bengal) 1889.2; Jenkins, J. T. 1910.2. — 

 East Indies. Bleeker, P. 1851.15, 1852.12, 

 1862.1, .9. —Africa. Boulenger, G. A. 

 1902.19. —Sicily. Facciolk, L. 1885.2. 

 ^ North America. Gifl, T. N. 1865.14, 

 .15, 1889.1; Lockington, W. N. {Cali- 

 fornia) 1879.12. — Great Britain. Gun- 

 ther, A. C. 1890.1. — Review, America 

 and Europe. Jordan, D. S. & Goss, D. K. 

 1889.1. — Review, Japan. Jordan, D. S. 

 & Starks, E. C. 1906.3; Otaki, K. 1897.1. 

 — North Sea. Keilhack, F. L. 1913.1. — 

 Mediterranean Sea. Kyle, H.M. 1913.1. — 

 Zeeland, Netherlands. Steenstrup, J. J. S. 

 1835.1. 



Variations and Relationships of 

 various genera and species 



Hippoglossoides, Pacific species. 

 Schmidt, Peter. 1915.1. 



Pleuronectes flesus. Dunoker, G. 

 1900.2; Fabricius, O. 1824.1. —Sweden. 

 Quensel, C. 1806.1. — Relationships be- 

 tween P. flesus and P. platessa. t)uncker, 

 G. 1895. 1,.2, 1896.1; Hoek, P. P. 1890.2; 

 Stead, F. B. 1897.4. 



Pleuronectes platessa. Faber, F. 

 1840.1. 



Variation of local forms. Cunningham, 



