132 VERTEBRATES. 



brano is arranged in cells of an appearance like those of honey- 

 comb. Having received the food, this stomach divide? it into 

 little rolls or pellets, which are successively carried up into the 

 mouth, where they undergo a thorough mastication, and are then 

 again swallowed and deposited in the third stomach. This, called 

 manyplies, tripe, or feck, is distinguished by the numerous longi- 

 tudinal folds of its internal membrane. It efifects some further 

 change upon the alimentary mass. In the fourth stomach, how- 

 ever, into which it next passes, the principal work of digestion 

 goes on. This answers to the single stomach of other animals ; 

 into it the gastric juice is poured, and here the function is finally 

 completed. During the rumination, the animal remains in a state 

 of repose, almost of sleep ; and this operation continues until the 

 whole of the food previously swallowed has been subjected to it. 



The ruminating animals have been more valuable to man 

 than any others. They are mild, docile, and easily domesticated. 

 Their flesh furnishes us with a large proportion of our animal food ; 

 indeed, there are few other quadrupeds that man is in the habit 

 of eating. Several of them, as the camel, the lama, ox, and rein- 

 deer, are used as beasts of draught and burden. They require, 

 comparatively, little care, attention, or protection, and are generally 

 contented with the cheapest and coarsest food. The milk, fat, 

 hair, wool, skins, horns, and feet of one species or another, are 

 made use of, for nourishment, for clothing, or for various manu- 

 factures. 



The thick-skinned animals, or Pachydermata, embrace all 

 those with hoofs which do not ruminate. They present a greater 

 variety than the ruminating animals, and are called Pachydermata, 

 because they are commonly covered with thick, tough skin. They 

 usually have incisive teeth in both jaws, and frequently canine 

 teeth, or tusks, of very great size. Included in this order are the 

 elephant, the hippopotamus, the tapir, the hog, etc. 



Under this order are included the Solipeda, or single-hoofed 

 animals, in which the whole foot is enveloped in a single hoof. 

 Of these, the most celebrated is the horse, one of the most beau- 

 tiful and noble of quadrupeds. These animals are distinguished, 



