ORDERS OF MAMMALIA. 



337 



The abomasum terminates, of course, in the commencement of the 

 small intestine. 



The Ruminantia include a number of families of which it is only 

 possible to notice the leading characters. 



The family CamelioUe comprises the Camel and Dromedary of the 

 Old World and the Llamas of the New, and is characterised by 

 having no horns, by having two incisors in the upper jaw, and a 

 pair of canines in both jaws ; whilst the iirst pra;molar tooth in 

 both jaws (or in the upper jaw only) is conical in shape, and is 

 placed at some distance in front of the other back teeth (fig. 243). 

 The foot consists of only two toes, covered with imperfect nail-like 

 hoofs, and destitute of the two supplementary toes. The soles of 

 the feet are covered with a callous horny integument upon which 

 the animal walks. In the Camels the toes are conjoined below by 

 a callous pad, and the back is furnished with one or two fleshy 



Fig. 243. — Side-view of skull of Camelus Bactrmnus: i Upper incisor ; c c Canines ; 

 pm Isolated premolar. (After Giebel.) 



humps. The Arabian Camel or Dromedary has but one hump, and 

 its structure admirably adapts it for a beast of burden in the sandy 

 deserts of Arabia and Africa. One special provision toward this 

 end is the possession of large cells in the paunch, in which a, great 

 quantity of water can be stored up, thus enabling the animal to 

 travel for days without drinking. The Bactrian Camel resembles 

 the Dromedary in most respects, but it possesses two humps. The 

 place of the Camels of the Old World is filled in South America 

 by the Llamas and Alpacas {Auche?iia), which have separate toes, 

 and have no hump. The Llama is extensively used as a beast of 

 burden, but the Alpaca is chiefly of value for its long wool, which 

 is largely manufactured. 



The small family of the TraguKd(s includes the little deer-like 

 animals which are known as " Chevrotains. These are very like the 

 true Musk-deer (which are now placed with the Cervidce), and have 



