ORDEES OF MAMMALIA. 



343 



doubt, however, but that the Mammoth {Elephas primigenius) ex- 

 isted in Eiirope within tlie human period. 



The Indian Elephant inhabits India and the Indian Archipelago, 

 and has five hoofs on the fore-feet, but only four on the hind-feet. 

 Like the Ceylon Elephant, which is a mere variety, the males alone 

 possess well-developed tusks. The African Elephant has four hoofs 

 on the fore-feet, and only three on the hind-feet, while it is smaller 

 and darker in colour than the Indian species. Both sexes also 

 possess tusks, though those of the males are largest. 



Besides many extinct forms of Elephants, there formerly existed 



Fig. 248. — Lower jaw of the Indian Elephant (Elephas Indicm) viewed from above, 

 showing the molar teeth. Greatly reduced in size. 



Elephantine animals belonging to two allied genera — viz., Deino- 

 therium and Mastodon. In the Mastodons the whole structure of 

 the animal was closely similar to that of the Elephants ; but the 

 molar teeth had tubercular and not ridged crowns ; and there were 

 sometime two tusk-like lower incisors in addition to the regular 

 upper tusks. In Deinotherium, on the other hand, there were no 

 tusks in the upper jaw ; but there were two tusk-like incisors in the 

 lower jaw, the front of which was abruptly bent, so that the tusks 

 pointed vertically downwards. 



