xii Contents 



CHAPTER VI 



The Laying Out op the Plantation 191-226 



CoNTOUB Planting .... 192 



Orchard Systems 192-194 



Making the Rows Straight 194-206 



To lay out with a plow . . 198-201 



Laying out with a line 201 



Another line method 201-202 



Staking methods . . 202-206 



Details of Orchard Lay-outs . 206-217 



Lining-in method ... 212—213 



Wire-compass method 213-214 



The Family Fruit-plantation . 217-221 



Maps and Records 221-226 



Labels 222-226 



CHAPTER VII 



Subsequent Cake of the FEUiT-PiiANTATioN 227-287 



Pruning 230-241 



The bearing wood 232-234 



The kind of top 234r-236 



What to remove 236 



Renewing old trees by priming; "dehorning" .... 236-237 

 Heading-in 238-241 



The Thinning op the Fruit 241-250 



Thinning the apple 243-248 



Thinning other fruits . . 248-249 



How to thin ' 249-250 



Protecting Plantations from Frost 251-273 



How to predict frost 252-255 



Mulching to enable plants to escape frost 255-257 



Covering the plants to protect from frost 257-259 



Whitewashing as a protection 259 



Making currents of air 260 



Adding vapor of water to the air; flooding 260-261 



Explosives for frost and hail 261-263 



The making of smudges 263-265 



Heating the plantation 265-273 



