188 The Principles of Fruit-grovdng 



leaders. Such whips may look very crooked and scrawny, 

 but they will straighten as they grow. Fig. 38 shows 

 three apple trees before and after shaping (Jarvis, Conn. 

 Bull. No. 62). The lines in Fig. 39 show where a grape 

 plant should be pruned. The top should be cut at a and h, 



Fig. 38. Tree tops unpnined and pruned. 



the upper roots trimmed off at c and d, and the main roots 

 cut in from e to /. 



The trees may be trimmed before they are planted, 

 although it is usually better to trim just after they are 

 set, especially if the tree is trimmed after the method of 

 Fig. 34, for one can then better estimate the proper height, 

 the operation is more easily done, and there is no further 

 danger of breaking off the limbs by the handling of the 



