THE HISTORY OF MENTAL DEVELOPMENT 139 



The order of appearance of these emotions or motives 

 I shall not attempt to give to you. Indeed this is to us 

 of relatively slight importance. The important point 

 to notice is that a host of these have appeared in 

 mammals and birds, and that each one of these is a 

 new spur to the will. And the will of a horse or dog, 

 to say nothing of a pig, is by no means feeble. And 

 these are slowly emancipating the animal from the tyr- 

 anny of appetite. But how slow the progress is ! Has 

 the emancipation yet become complete in man ? I 

 need not answer. 



The will has in part, at least, escaped from abject 

 slavery to appetite ; it sometimes rises superior to 

 fear. But it is evidently self-centred. The animal may 

 have forgotten the claims of his dead ancestors, he is 

 certainly fully alive to his own interests. Can he even 

 partially rise superior to prudential considerations, as 

 he has to some extent to the claims of appetite ? Is 

 it possible to develop the unselfish out of the purely 

 selfish ? And if so, how is this to be accomplished ? 

 It is not accomplished in the animal ; it is but very 

 incompletely accomplished in man. It will be accom- 

 plished one day. 



In action, at least, the animal is not purely selfish. 

 As Mr. Drummond has shown, reproduction, that old 

 function and first to gain an organ, is not primarily 

 for the benefit of self, but for the species. Arid not 

 only the storing up of material in the egg, but care for 

 the young after birth, is found in some fish and insects, 

 and increases from fish upward. I readily grant you 

 that this in its beginnings may be purely instinctive, 

 and that not a particle of genuine affection for the 

 young may as yet be present in the mind of the parent. 



