PRESENT ASPECTS OF EVOLUTION 301 



has changed its Ime of development ; it will now give 

 rise to a new upper half, not a base as before. The 

 same experiment can be tried on certain worms with 

 similar results, only head and tail differ far more than 

 top and base of hydra. Difference in the position of 

 cells has made vast difference in their line of develop- 

 ment. Now in both embryo and adult there must be 

 some directing influence guiding these cells. What 

 is it? 



An army is more than a mob of individuals ; it is 

 individuals plus organization, discipline, authority. 

 A republic is not square miles of territory and thou- 

 sands or millions of inhabitants. It is these plus 

 organization, central government. Webster claimed 

 that the central government was, and had to be, before 

 the states. The organism cannot exist without its 

 parts; it has a very real existence in and through 

 them. It can coerce them. The state may be an ab- 

 straction, but it is one against which it is usually fatal 

 to rebel, and which can say to a citizen. Go and be 

 hanged, and he straightway mounts the scaffold. Now 

 these are analogies and prove nothing. But in so far 

 as they throw light on the essential idea of an or- 

 ganism, they may aid us in gaining a right view of our 

 " cell republic." 



Says Whitman in a very interesting article on the 

 " Inadequacy of the Cell-Theory " : " That organization 

 precedes cell-formation and regulates it, rather than 

 the reverse, is a conclusion that forces itself upon us 

 from many sides." " The structure which we see in a 

 cell-mosaic is something superadded to organization, 

 not itself the foundation of organization. Comparative 

 embryology reminds us at every turn that the organism 



