GRAFTING 227 
his sorrow, the farmer helps bad weeds, such as Quack Grass and 
Marsh Smartweed (Polygonum Muhlenbergii), to spread by scat- 
tering portions of their underground stems while putting in and 
cultivating crops. 
Cuttings, known as hard-wood cuttings, are commonly employed 
in propagating such woody plants as the Grape, Currant, Goose- 
berry, Willows, Poplars, 
and many ornamental 
shrubs. They may be 
made in different ways as 
shown in Figure 211, but 
in each case they must 
have at least one bud. 
Layering. — A layer is 
a branch which is put in 
contact with the soil and 
induced to develop roots 
and branches while still 
in contact with the parent 
plant. After a layer has 
developed roots and Fic. 208.— The Life Plant (Bryophyllum 
calycinum) developing young plants on the 
margins of the leaves. About one-half natu- 
ral size. 
branches, it is separated 
from the parent and be- 
comes an independent 
plant. There are different methods of layering, but usually the 
branches are bent to the ground and covered with dirt. In 
layering Grapes, a vine is stretched along in a shallow trench 
and buried throughout its entire length as shown in Figure 212. 
Raspberries and many shrubs are propagated by layering. 
Grafting. — Grafting is the common method used in propa- 
gating fruit trees, and consists in so joining parts of different 
plants that they unite their tissues and live together as one plant. 
In grafting there are two members involved, the stock and cion 
or scion. The stock, which may bea root, stump, or almost the 
entire shoot, is the member which remains in contact with the soil, 
while the cion is the portion of a shoot, usually a twig or branch, 
which is to be made to grow on the stock. Since only growing 
tissues, such as the cambiums, are able to unite and heal wounds, 
it is necessary in grafting to have the cambiums of the stock and 
cion so adjusted that they can become grown together and thus 
