230 THE PROPAGATION OF PLANTS BY MEANS OF STEMS 
given to certain surface-rooting dwarf varieties of Apples. By 
grafting Pears on Pear stocks raised from seed or by grafting 
Apples on stocks raised from the seed of the Crab Apple, larger 
and longer-lived trees, which do not fruit so soon, are secured. It 
is claimed that in some cases 
the quality of the fruit is 
changed, having more sugar 
or more acid according to the 
nature of the stock. One of 
the most interesting and for a 
long time a very puzzling re- 
sult of grafting is the chimera, 
which arises when a bud de- 
velops from the wound callus 
in such a way that the tissues 
of both cion and stock grow 
out together to form the 
branch. The tissues of the 
members may grow out side 
by side, in which case each 
member forms a side of the 
branch, or the tissues of the 
Fic. 211.—Hardwood cuttings. members may be so related 
a, simple cutting; 6, heal cutting; to each other that one mem- 
c, mallet cutting; d, single-eye cutting. ber forms the core and the 
After L. C. Corbett. ; 
other the covering of the 
branch. In either case both members may be represented in the 
leaves, flowers, and fruit of the branch and be the cause of very 
peculiar combinations of characters. For example, in Apples one 
side of the fruit may be of one variety and the other side of an- 
other variety. In grafting together Tomatoes and the Black 
Nightshade, the latter of which has small black fruits, chimeras 
in which one member formed the core and the other the covering 
of the branch have been obtained. As a result very queer fruits 
have been produced. Some resembled tomatoes in size but had 
the black skin of the Nightshade berry, while others were similar 
in size to the small berry of the Nightshade but had the yellow 
or red skin of the Tomato. Also in the character of the leaves 
and flowers, these chimeras presented queer combinations. By 
a study of chimeras produced experimentally, as those of the 
