HYBRIDIZATION 561 
viduals are selected. After continuing the selection for a few 
generations, a race with a certain standard and steadiness is 
obtained. The race obtained by this method of selection is 
the progeny of a single individual, and its desirable features are 
more stable than in most races secured by mass selection. This 
method also requires less labor and usually less time than the 
method of mass culture. After the race is secured by pedigree 
culture, it is usually tested in mass culture to see how it behaves 
when grown in masses under ordinary field conditions. 
Selection of Mutants. — Many valuable races of plants have 
been discovered accidentally and apparently have arisen sud- 
denly. The Fultz Wheat comes from a few plants which were 
accidentally discovered growing in a field of Lancaster Red. 
These few plants, which were smoother and had more beautiful 
heads than the Lancaster Red, were saved for seed, and from 
these seeds the well-known and valuable race of Fultz Wheat 
originated. The Gold Coin Wheat was accidentally found 
growing in a field of Mediterranean Wheat. There are a num- 
ber of varieties of Wheat, Oats, Barley, and Rye which appar- 
ently originated in a similar way. 
Many or all of the different cultivated varieties of Dewber- 
ries were accidentally found growing wild and were selected 
because they showed some desirable features not possessed by 
thé ordinary type of wild Dewberries. Some may be hybrids, 
while others are most likely mutants. 
In woody plants, such as fruit trees, the selection of vegeta- 
tive mutations known as bud sports, in which a branch may 
produce a type of fruit different from the fruit produced by 
other branches, often leads to the establishment of new varieties. 
By propagating these special branches by grafting, a different 
type of tree may be obtained. The Nectarine has already been 
mentioned as arising in this way, and there still are other ex- 
amples among Peaches, Apples, and other fruits. Greening 
Apples often have branches bearing Russet Apples, and Russet 
Apples often have branches bearing Greening Apples. There 
are, therefore, many instances in which selection has not only 
resulted in the securing of better grains, vegetables, fruits, and 
ornamental plants, but also in new types. 
Hybridization. — The advantage of hybridization is that by 
crossing one can combine in the offspring the different desirable 
